Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of bone mineral density (BMD)?

$$\text{BMD} = \frac{\text{grams of calcified tissue}}{\text{cm}^2 \text{ of bone}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Bone tissue is broken down and rebuilt at the same location, adapting to mechanical stress.

Question 2

Which hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, uptake in the kidneys, and absorption in the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

A patient presents with soft, weak bones and a history of minimal sun exposure. Blood tests reveal low vitamin D. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Nutritional rickets

Question 4

Which of the following nutrients is NOT directly involved in bone mineralization?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 5

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis after a DEXA scan. Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for her condition?

Accepted Answer

Being female

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why vitamin D is essential for bone health?

Accepted Answer

It enhances intestinal absorption of calcium, maintaining blood calcium levels.

Question 7

Which of the following is the primary crystal of bone, formed from calcium and phosphorus?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatite

Question 8

A vegan patient is concerned about their bone health. Which dietary factor may decrease their calcium bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

High intake of oxalates and phytates

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of magnesium in the body?

Accepted Answer

Required for every reaction involving ATP

Question 10

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis prevention is correct?

Accepted Answer

Weight-bearing exercise and adequate calcium intake during adolescence are crucial for prevention.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of fluoride in bone and tooth health?

Accepted Answer

It blocks acid formation by bacteria and enhances remineralization of enamel.

Question 12

A patient is taking calcium supplements but is not seeing improvement in bone mineral density. Which of the following is most likely limiting the effectiveness of the supplements?

Accepted Answer

Lack of vitamin D

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of bone mineral density (BMD)?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{BMD} = \frac{	ext{grams of calcified tissue}}{	ext{cm}^2 	ext{ of bone}}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Physical inactivity

Question 15

Which of the following statements about calcium supplementation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Supplements derived from oyster shell may contain high amounts of lead.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why postmenopausal women are at increased risk for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

They experience a rapid decline in estrogen, which accelerates bone loss.

Question 17

Which of the following foods is a good source of magnesium?

Accepted Answer

Whole grains

Question 18

Which of the following is a primary function of calcium in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction

Question 19

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed a medication that inhibits osteoclast activity. What is the expected effect on bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone resorption

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin K in bone health?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a coenzyme that modifies proteins important for bone health.

Bone Structure, Function, and Essential Nutrients: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards