Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary metabolic fate of glucose in the fed (absorptive) state under the influence of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is used for energy production, glycogen synthesis, and fat synthesis.

Question 2

A patient with untreated Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most likely to present with which of the following metabolic disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia, increased lipolysis, and ketoacidosis

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for preventing hypoglycemia during an overnight fast, and what is its main target organ?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; liver

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood glucose levels during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Muscle lacks the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase required to release free glucose.

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin binding to its receptor on muscle and adipose cells?

Accepted Answer

Insertion of GLUT4 transporters into the cell membrane

Question 6

A person on a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet is at risk for which metabolic complication if lipolysis exceeds the capacity of the TCA cycle?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 7

Which hormone is secreted by the stomach to increase appetite, and what is its effect on the hypothalamic feeding center?

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin; stimulates the feeding center

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which high blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells?

Accepted Answer

Closure of ATP-gated K+ channels, leading to depolarization and Ca2+ influx

Question 9

Which of the following is a common feature of metabolic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Central obesity and hypertension

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to hypocalcemia and acts to increase plasma calcium by stimulating bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and intestinal absorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 11

A patient presents with heat intolerance, weight loss, and exophthalmos. Laboratory tests reveal elevated T3 and T4 with low TSH. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Graves disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the metabolic effects of growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

Increases lipolysis and plasma glucose, stimulates protein synthesis

Question 13

Which hormone is permissive for the full effects of glucagon and epinephrine during the stress response and also suppresses the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of thyroid hormone in adults?

Accepted Answer

Increased basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why leptin therapy is not effective for most cases of human obesity?

Accepted Answer

Most obese individuals are leptin-resistant, not leptin-deficient.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of vitamin D3 to its active form in the body?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Cholecalciferol} \xrightarrow{	ext{liver}} 25	ext{-hydroxycholecalciferol} \xrightarrow{	ext{kidney}} 1,25	ext{-dihydroxycholecalciferol}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of epinephrine during the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Mobilizes energy substrates by increasing glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 18

A patient with Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH increases bone resorption, renal calcium reabsorption, and intestinal calcium absorption.

Metabolism and Energy Balance: Regulation, Hormones, and Homeostasis

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