Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of vitamin D to its active form?

$$7\text{-dehydrocholesterol} \xrightarrow{UVB} \text{Vitamin D}_3 \xrightarrow{liver} \text{Calcidiol} \xrightarrow{kidney} \text{Calcitriol}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Bone tissue is broken down and rebuilt at the same location, adapting to mechanical stress.

Question 2

Which hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, uptake in the kidneys, and absorption in the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 3

A patient presents with soft, weak bones and a history of minimal sun exposure. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible for their condition?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of calcium in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA and RNA

Question 5

A 70-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis after a hip fracture. Which type of osteoporosis is she most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 (senile)

Question 6

Which of the following nutrients enhances the bioavailability of calcium in the body?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 7

Which mineral is the second most abundant in the human body and is primarily found in the skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus

Question 8

A vegan patient is concerned about their bone health. Which dietary factor may decrease their calcium bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

High intake of oxalates and phytates

Question 9

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Physical inactivity

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of fluoride in bone and tooth health?

Accepted Answer

It blocks acid formation by bacteria and enhances remineralization of enamel.

Question 11

A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is used to:

Accepted Answer

Measure the amount of calcified tissue in grams per unit area of bone

Question 12

Which of the following statements about calcium supplementation is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Supplements derived from oyster shell may contain high amounts of lead.

Question 13

Which of the following foods is a good source of magnesium?

Accepted Answer

Whole grains

Question 14

Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme that modifies proteins important for bone health and promotes normal blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 15

A 16-year-old female athlete with amenorrhea and a history of restrictive eating is at increased risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis due to the female athlete triad

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of vitamin D to its active form?

Accepted Answer

$$7	ext{-dehydrocholesterol} \xrightarrow{UVB} 	ext{Vitamin D}_3 \xrightarrow{liver} 	ext{Calcidiol} \xrightarrow{kidney} 	ext{Calcitriol}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why building peak bone mass during adolescence is important for osteoporosis prevention?

Accepted Answer

It provides a higher baseline of bone tissue, reducing fracture risk as bone loss occurs with aging.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive phosphorus intake in the diet?

Accepted Answer

Detrimental effects on bone health

Question 19

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

It is often a silent disease until a fracture occurs.

Question 20

A patient with chronic kidney disease is at increased risk for osteoporosis primarily because:

Accepted Answer

Kidney disease impairs the activation of vitamin D, reducing calcium absorption.

Nutrients and Physiology of Bone Health: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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