Q: Which equation represents the conversion of glucose to glycogen promoted by insulin in the liver?

$$n\ \text{Glucose} \rightarrow (\text{Glucose})_n ($$glycogen)

Question 1

Which cell type in the Islets of Langerhans is primarily responsible for insulin secretion, and what is the main physiological effect of insulin on skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; increase glucose uptake

Question 2

Insulin secretion is biphasic in response to elevated blood glucose. Which best describes the two phases?

Accepted Answer

Initial burst followed by a gradual increment

Question 3

What is the threshold plasma glucose concentration for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?

Accepted Answer

$$100\ 	ext{mg/dl}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptor, activating IRS and PI3K, leading to GLUT4 translocation

Question 5

Which equation represents the conversion of glucose to glycogen promoted by insulin in the liver?

Accepted Answer

$$n\ 	ext{Glucose} ightarrow (	ext{Glucose})_n ($$glycogen)

Question 6

Amino acids stimulate insulin release. What is the primary effect of insulin on amino acid metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increased cellular uptake and protein synthesis

Question 7

Which hormone is released from alpha cells in response to low blood glucose, and what is its primary action in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 8

Glucagon acts via a membrane-bound G-coupled receptor. Which second messenger is primarily increased?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{cAMP}$$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a primary sign of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 10

Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Insulin insensitivity with normal or increased insulin production

Question 11

Which enzyme is activated by insulin to promote fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acid synthase (FAS)

Question 12

What is the effect of somatostatin released from D cells in the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 13

Which GLUT transporter is insulin-dependent and primarily found in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

GLUT4

Question 14

During fasting, which process is stimulated by glucagon in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on lipid metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis

Question 16

A patient with Type I diabetes mellitus is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Low circulating levels of insulin due to beta cell destruction

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the negative feedback mechanism regulating plasma glucose?

Accepted Answer

Increased plasma glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers plasma glucose

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why stress-induced epinephrine increases blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine stimulates glucagon release from alpha cells

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of impaired tyrosine kinase activity in the insulin receptor?

Accepted Answer

Reduced glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases plasma glucose, glucagon increases plasma glucose

Pancreatic Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology

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