Question 1

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid, while hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in the middle.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell until it bursts. Based on your knowledge of tonicity, which type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are exported from the cell, as shown in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump depicted in the thirteenth image?

Accepted Answer

To move three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell using ATP

Question 5

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for the structure of microvilli, as shown in the second image?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin)

Question 6

A mutation in which gene is most likely to result in uncontrolled cell division and cancer?

Accepted Answer

A proto-oncogene

Question 7

Which process is illustrated in the ninth image, where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why water moves into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Water moves toward the area of higher solute concentration.

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion, as shown in the fifth image?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 10

A cell is unable to digest damaged organelles. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx on the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cell recognition and immune response

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation, as shown in the tenth image?

Accepted Answer

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the structure labeled 'cristae' in the mitochondrion (seventh image)?

Accepted Answer

Increase surface area for ATP production

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the sodium-potassium pump. What is the most likely immediate effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose its membrane potential.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein?

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins allow large or non-lipid-soluble molecules to cross the membrane.

Question 17

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before anaphase?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Loss of differentiation (anaplasia)

Question 19

Which process involves the selective uptake of specific molecules into the cell via receptor-ligand interactions and clathrin-coated pits, as shown in the fifteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

They phosphorylate target proteins to regulate cell cycle progression.

The Cellular Level of Organization: Structure and Function of Cells

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