Question 1

A patient presents with low metabolic rate, puffy eyes, and dry skin. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of thyroid hormone (TH) and an enlarged thyroid gland. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

Accepted Answer

Iodine deficiency leading to myxedema with goiter

Question 2

Which hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary effect at pharmacological doses?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

Question 3

A 7-year-old child is diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be observed if the condition is untreated?

Accepted Answer

Weak cry, poor feeding, and developmental delay

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

Falling TH levels stimulate TSH release, which increases TH production

Question 5

A patient with Graves’ disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, exophthalmos, and weight loss

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) for a 70 kg male?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{BMR} = 70 	imes 1.0$$

Question 7

A patient with a tumor in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension and hypokalemia

Question 8

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and what is one of its primary actions?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium

Question 9

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is likely to present with which of the following clinical features?

Accepted Answer

Buffalo hump, moon face, and muscle wasting

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why a patient with Addison’s disease may develop hyperpigmentation of the skin?

Accepted Answer

High levels of ACTH stimulate melanin production

Question 11

A patient is found to have high blood glucose, high blood pressure, and increased abdominal fat. Which hormone is most likely elevated in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased plasma potassium ($$K^+) $$concentration on the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of aldosterone release

Question 13

A patient with a history of excessive corticosteroid use presents with muscle weakness, osteoporosis, and easy bruising. Which of the following best explains these findings?

Accepted Answer

Chronic glucocorticoid excess leading to Cushing’s syndrome

Question 14

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in females, and what is the main inhibitor of its release?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin; prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Question 15

A patient with hypersecretion of adrenal androgens (adrenogenital syndrome) is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms if female?

Accepted Answer

Masculinization, including beard growth and enlarged clitoris

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release, increasing sodium and water reabsorption

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted in response to stress and is responsible for increasing blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

A patient with a history of hypertension and hypokalemia is found to have an adrenal tumor. Which hormone is most likely being overproduced?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of thyroid hormone (TH) at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Enters target cells and binds to nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription

Question 20

A patient with Addison’s disease is most likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Decreased plasma glucose and sodium

The Endocrine System: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards