Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

$$\text{TRH} \rightarrow \text{TSH} \rightarrow \text{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of response time and duration of effect?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system acts quickly and has brief effects, while the endocrine system acts slowly and has long-lasting effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of gigantism. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted, and from which gland?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol and can cross the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Amino acid-based hormones typically exert their effects by:

Accepted Answer

Binding to receptors on the plasma membrane and activating second messenger systems such as cAMP

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why a single hormone can have different effects on different target cells?

Accepted Answer

Different target cells have different numbers and types of receptors for the hormone.

Question 6

A patient with low blood calcium levels is likely to have increased secretion of which hormone, and what is one of its primary actions?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{TRH} ightarrow 	ext{TSH} ightarrow 	ext{Thyroid hormones}$$

Question 8

A patient with Addison’s disease is likely to show which of the following symptoms due to deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Hyperpigmentation, weight loss, fatigue, and low blood pressure

Question 9

Which hormone is released in response to high blood glucose levels and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; increases glucose uptake by cells and lowers blood glucose

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene expression.

Question 11

A patient with a tumor in the adrenal medulla is likely to experience which of the following symptoms due to excess catecholamine secretion?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and anxiety

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.

Question 14

Amino acid-based hormones such as epinephrine act through which of the following intracellular signaling mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Activation of cAMP as a second messenger

Question 15

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

A patient with excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine is most likely suffering from which condition, and what is the underlying hormonal deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus; deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of osteoclasts to increase bone resorption

Question 18

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response and what is its main effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and metabolic rate

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

High levels of thyroid hormone inhibit TSH and TRH release

Question 20

A patient with a goiter due to iodine deficiency is likely to have which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low T3/T4, high TSH

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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