Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of lymphatic capillaries in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They collect interstitial fluid, solutes, and pathogens from tissues and transport them as lymph toward larger lymphatic vessels.

Question 2

A patient has a blockage in the thoracic duct. Which of the following regions would most likely experience impaired lymph drainage?

Accepted Answer

Left leg and left side of the abdomen

Question 3

Which of the following is a key difference between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens, while innate immunity responds to a broad range of threats.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why lymph nodes swell during an infection?

Accepted Answer

They are filtering increased amounts of lymph and accumulating lymphocytes and phagocytes responding to antigens.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Production of all types of lymphocytes

Question 6

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of which type of immunity?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the complement system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It consists of over 30 proteins that work together to destroy pathogens by cell lysis, enhance phagocytosis, and stimulate inflammation.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

The coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 9

A patient with a penicillin allergy experiences an immune response after exposure to the drug. This is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Penicillin acting as a hapten, binding to a carrier molecule and forming a complex that triggers an immune response.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the body's response to a bacterial infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils and NK cells attack bacteria → Cytokines attract phagocytes → Antigen presentation activates helper T cells → B cells differentiate into plasma cells

Question 11

Which of the following is a property of adaptive immunity that allows for a faster and stronger response upon second exposure to the same antigen?

Accepted Answer

Memory

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the activation and function of both T cells and B cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Redness

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the immune system's effectiveness diminishes with age?

Accepted Answer

T cells become less responsive to antigens, and fewer T cells reduce B cell responsiveness.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Accepted Answer

They attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells by releasing perforins that cause cell lysis.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

An antigen selects and activates specific lymphocytes, which then proliferate to form a clone of cells targeting that antigen.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Each antibody consists of two heavy chains and two light chains, with variable segments forming the antigen-binding sites.

Question 18

A patient with an autoimmune disorder is producing antibodies against their own thyroid tissue. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A failure of immune tolerance, resulting in autoantibody production.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving a flu vaccine

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of interferons in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They are chemical messengers that trigger the production of antiviral proteins, blocking viral replication in cells.

The Lymphatic System and Immunity: Structure, Function, and Defense Mechanisms

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