Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 2

A patient presents with hematuria after a car accident. Which anatomical feature makes the right kidney more susceptible to blunt trauma?

Accepted Answer

The right kidney is lower due to the liver

Question 3

Which sequence correctly traces the flow of urine from its formation to its exit from the body?

Accepted Answer

Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

It consists of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte foot processes

Question 5

Which pressure is primarily responsible for glomerular filtration, and what is its typical value?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries ($$HP_{gc}$$), 55 mm Hg

Question 6

A patient with diabetes mellitus has glucose in their urine. This is best explained by which renal concept?

Accepted Answer

Transport maximum ($$T_m) $$for glucose is exceeded

Question 7

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by inserting aquaporins into the apical membrane?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct equation for renal clearance ($$C$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{U 	imes V}{P}$$

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely result in anuria (urine output \u003c 50 ml/day)?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration

Question 10

Which structure is responsible for the countercurrent multiplier mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient?

Accepted Answer

Nephron loop (loop of Henle) of juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 11

A patient with chronic hypertension is found to have a GFR of 50 ml/min for 4 months. What is the most accurate diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Chronic renal disease

Question 12

Which of the following is a direct effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Decreases blood Na+ and blood pressure

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Preserves the medullary osmotic gradient by acting as a countercurrent exchanger

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely cause of proteinuria (protein in urine)?

Accepted Answer

Damage to the filtration membrane

Question 15

A patient is found to have a kidney stone blocking the ureter. Which of the following symptoms is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Excruciating pain radiating from the flank to the abdomen

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct description of the myogenic mechanism in renal autoregulation?

Accepted Answer

Afferent arterioles constrict in response to increased blood pressure

Question 18

Which of the following substances is used as a standard to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted?

Accepted Answer

Inulin

Question 19

Which of the following is a normal component of urine?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble drugs can be difficult to eliminate via the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

They are passively reabsorbed with water down their concentration gradients

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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