Q: If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm Hg, the blood osmotic pressure is 32 mm Hg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 18 mm Hg, what is the net filtration pressure?

$$NFP = 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 \text{ mm Hg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Production of bile for fat digestion

Question 2

A patient presents with low blood oxygen. Which hormone released by the kidneys will stimulate red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 3

Which structure is the microscopic functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Nephron

Question 4

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure. Which cells synthesize, store, and release renin?

Accepted Answer

Granular cells

Question 5

What is the correct formula for net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)$$

Question 6

If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm Hg, the blood osmotic pressure is 32 mm Hg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 18 mm Hg, what is the net filtration pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = 60 - (32 + 18) = 10 	ext{ mm Hg}$$

Question 7

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 8

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has which effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits sodium reabsorption and increases GFR

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the movement of water following sodium by osmosis in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Obligatory water reabsorption

Question 10

During dehydration, which hormone is elevated, resulting in a smaller volume of more concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium and phosphate balance by:

Accepted Answer

Stimulating calcium reabsorption in the DCT and inhibiting phosphate reabsorption in the PCT

Question 12

If blood is acidic, which cells are active in the collecting tubules to increase blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Type A intercalated cells

Question 13

Which of the following substances is completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 14

Which mechanism is used by the kidney to establish the concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Countercurrent multiplier in the nephron loop

Question 15

A renal plasma clearance test is performed using inulin. If inulin is neither reabsorbed nor secreted, what does its clearance rate represent?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 16

Which of the following is a major nitrogenous waste product eliminated by the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Urea

Question 17

During the storage reflex, which muscle is relaxed to accommodate urine in the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Detrusor muscle

Question 18

Which nerve is responsible for maintaining contraction of the external urethral sphincter during urine storage?

Accepted Answer

Pudendal nerve

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of pinocytosis in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Engulfing small amounts of protein from tubular fluid into the cell

The Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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