Textbook Question
A surgical procedure known as gastric bypass involves removing all or part of the stomach.
How would stomach removal affect absorption of vitamin B12? Explain.
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Ch. 22 The Digestive System
Amerman2nd EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136873822
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life38
- Ch. 3 The Cell55
- Ch. 4 Histology47
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System30
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Tissue36
- Ch. 7 The Skeletal System40
- Ch. 8 Articulations19
- Ch. 9 The Muscular System36
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology29
- Ch. 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue28
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System42
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System41
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis31
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses39
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System42
- Ch. 17 The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart30
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels43
- Ch. 19 Blood32
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity45
- Ch. 21 The Respiratory System27
- Ch. 22 The Digestive System27
- Ch. 23 Metabolism and Nutrition7
- Ch. 24 The Urinary System39
- Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis39
- Ch. 26 The Reproductive System10
- Ch. 27 Development and Heredity5
Chapter 22, Problem L3.3
Individuals experiencing prolonged vomiting lose a great deal of hydrochloric acid with the vomitus. Predict the effect this loss of acid will have on the pH of the blood. How will the respiratory system respond to the change in pH?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid, and its loss from the body during prolonged vomiting reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the blood, leading to a condition called metabolic alkalosis (an increase in blood pH).
Recall that pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, calculated as pH = -log[H⁺]. A decrease in H⁺ concentration results in an increase in pH, making the blood more alkaline.
Recognize that the respiratory system compensates for changes in blood pH through the regulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. CO₂ combines with water (H₂O) in the blood to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which dissociates into H⁺ and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻). This reaction is represented as: CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻.
In response to metabolic alkalosis, the respiratory system decreases the rate and depth of breathing (hypoventilation). This causes CO₂ to accumulate in the blood, shifting the equilibrium of the above reaction to produce more H⁺ ions, thereby lowering the pH back toward normal levels.
Conclude that the respiratory system's response to the loss of HCl and the resulting alkalosis is a compensatory mechanism aimed at restoring acid-base balance by adjusting CO₂ levels through changes in ventilation.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Acid-Base Balance
Acid-base balance refers to the mechanisms the body uses to maintain the pH of blood and other fluids within a narrow range, typically around 7.35 to 7.45. This balance is crucial for normal cellular functions and is influenced by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood. Prolonged vomiting leads to a loss of hydrochloric acid, which can result in a higher pH, indicating alkalosis.
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Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis is a condition characterized by an increase in blood pH due to a loss of acid or an excess of bicarbonate. In the context of prolonged vomiting, the loss of hydrochloric acid decreases the concentration of H+ ions, leading to a rise in pH. This condition can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, hand tremors, and confusion, and requires physiological compensation to restore balance.
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Respiratory Compensation
Respiratory compensation is the process by which the respiratory system adjusts breathing rates to help regulate blood pH. In response to metabolic alkalosis, the body may decrease the rate and depth of breathing to retain carbon dioxide (CO2), which can increase H+ ion concentration and lower pH. This compensatory mechanism helps to counteract the effects of alkalosis and restore acid-base balance.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.
You test Mr. Williams's stool and find high amounts of undigested fats. Explain this finding.
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Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
The muscularis externa of most of the alimentary canal consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle.
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Textbook Question
Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.
Explain why his feces have become a clay color instead of a normal brown color.
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Textbook Question
A surgical procedure known as gastric bypass involves removing all or part of the stomach.
Ms. Anthony has undergone gastric bypass, and her stomach has been removed entirely. She goes out to dinner and eats an extremely large meal. Explain what will happen in her small and large intestine following this meal.
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Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
The mucosa from the stomach to the anus consists of an inner layer of stratified columnar epithelium.
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