Multiple Choice
In the context of Gibbs free energy and cellular energy coupling, how are ATP and ADP related?
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1. Introduction to Biochemistry
Gibbs Free Energy
Multiple Choice
In the context of Gibbs free energy, how is free energy typically released from ATP to drive endergonic cellular processes?
A
By transferring electrons from ATP to NAD, which is the primary source of ATP-derived free energy
B
By hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), which has a negative under cellular conditions
C
By breaking the terminal phosphate bond of ATP directly to release stored energy as heat without forming products
D
By converting ATP to AMP without involvement of water or other reactants, making positive
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that ATP (adenosine triphosphate) stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, particularly the bond between the terminal phosphate groups.
Recognize that the release of free energy from ATP typically occurs through hydrolysis, where ATP reacts with water to form ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Write the hydrolysis reaction: \(\text{ATP} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{ADP} + \text{Pi}\).
Note that under cellular conditions, this reaction has a negative Gibbs free energy change (\(\Delta G < 0\)), meaning it is exergonic and releases free energy that can be harnessed to drive endergonic processes.
Understand that this released free energy is not from direct heat or electron transfer from ATP to NAD+, but from the chemical energy released during the hydrolysis reaction.
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