Question 1

Which of the following best explains why electron microscopes have a higher resolution than light microscopes?

Accepted Answer

Electrons have a much shorter wavelength than visible light, allowing for greater resolution.

Question 2

A scientist wants to study the function of mitochondria in liver cells. Which technique would be most appropriate to isolate mitochondria from other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Cell fractionation using differential centrifugation.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all cells?

Accepted Answer

Membrane-bound organelles

Question 4

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional nuclear pores. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins destined for secretion or for membranes

Question 6

A cell is observed to have an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of drugs and synthesis of steroid hormones

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the endosymbiotic theory is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that established a symbiotic relationship with the host cell.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why lysosomal enzymes are active only at low pH?

Accepted Answer

The acidic environment ensures that the enzymes are only active inside the lysosome, preventing damage to other cellular components.

Question 9

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the central vacuole?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of integrins in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

They are transmembrane proteins that connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton.

Question 12

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of microtubules. Which of the following cellular processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Separation of chromosomes during cell division

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the fluid mosaic model is used to describe biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Membranes are dynamic structures with proteins and lipids that can move laterally within the bilayer.

Question 14

Which of the following transport processes requires energy input in the form of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport of Na	extsuperscript{+} and K	extsuperscript{+} ions

Question 15

A cell is observed to have a high number of peroxisomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and breakdown of fatty acids

Question 16

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Transport of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy stored in an electrochemical gradient

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments help maintain cell shape and anchor organelles.

Question 18

A muscle cell contracts by sliding actin and myosin filaments past each other. Which cytoskeletal element is directly involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why plant cells do not burst when placed in a hypotonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall provides structural support and prevents excessive expansion.

Question 20

A neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential. Which cellular process is responsible for this release?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Cell Structure and Membrane Function: Study Notes for Biochemistry

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