Specific Types of Chemical Reactions

Outline of the Topics

• Specific types of inorganic reactions

• Hydrocarbons

• Types of Functional Groups (Ethers, Alcohols, Thiols, Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives)

• Polarity of Organic Substances

• Specific types of organic reactions

Specific Types of Inorganic Reaction

Review: Physical and Chemical Changes

Changes in matter can be classified as either physical changes or chemical changes (chemical reactions).

• Physical Change: A change in the state or appearance of matter without altering its chemical composition. Example: Melting of ice to liquid water.

• Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction): A process in which substances are transformed into different substances with new chemical properties. Example: Burning of wood produces carbon dioxide and water molecules.

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Aqueous solutions are solutions where water is the solvent. Chemical reactions in aqueous solutions can involve:

• Formation of insoluble substances (precipitation reactions).

• Neutralization of acids and bases (acid-base reactions).

• Transfer of electrons (oxidation-reduction reactions).

Precipitation Reactions

A precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid (precipitate) forms.

• The precipitate may be solid or colloidal in form.

• Example Reaction:

Solubility Rules

Solubility rules help predict whether a compound will dissolve in water or form a precipitate. The following table summarizes the main solubility rules for ionic compounds:

Precipitation Reactions: Example Explained

To determine if a precipitate forms, check if any combination of ions produces an insoluble compound according to the solubility rules.

• For :

• can pair with to form , which is insoluble.

• Spectator ions (ions that do not participate in the reaction) are and .

Net Ionic Equation:

Precipitation Reactions: Exercises

Predict if a precipitate will form when mixing the following pairs of solutions. Write the molecular and net ionic equations:

1. Na2SO4 and BaCl2

2. Ca(NO3)2 and Na2SO4

3. Al(NO3)3 and NaOH

4. (NH4)3PO4 and K2CO3

5. NaOH and Cu(NO3)2

Use the solubility rules to determine the products and whether a precipitate forms.

Acid-Base Reactions

Acids are substances that release a proton () in solution. Bases are substances whose anion is a hydroxide ion ().

• When acids and bases combine, reacts with to produce water and a salt. This is called a neutralization reaction.

General Equation:

or more generally:

Acid-Base Reactions: Example

Consider the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

• Dissociate each compound into ions:

• from the acid combines with from the base to form water.

• The remaining ions ( and ) form the salt ().

Net Ionic Equation:

Molecular Equation: