Multiple Choice
The primary function of kinases in signal transduction is to:
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10. Cell Signaling
Introduction to Cell Signaling
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The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in:
A
the concentration of second messengers such as cAMP
B
the amount of DNA transcribed in the cytoplasm
C
the number of hormone molecules entering the cell
D
the rate of hormone synthesis in the nucleus
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the context: Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a signaling cascade inside the cell.
Identify the key mechanism: Signal amplification occurs when the binding of a single hormone molecule to its receptor activates multiple intracellular molecules, leading to a larger cellular response.
Focus on second messengers: Second messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), are small molecules that relay signals from the receptor to target molecules within the cell. Their concentration increases during signal amplification.
Eliminate incorrect options: The amount of DNA transcribed in the cytoplasm is irrelevant because transcription occurs in the nucleus. Hormone molecules do not enter the cell in this case, and the rate of hormone synthesis in the nucleus is unrelated to signal amplification.
Conclude: The amplification of the signal is achieved through an increase in the concentration of second messengers, such as cAMP, which propagate and amplify the signal within the cell.
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