Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

30. Overview of Animals

Overview of Animals

General Biology

30. Overview of Animals

Overview of Animals

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Problem 2

Textbook Question

Identify the pattern of embryonic development shown in each drawing below and name the phylum (or phyla) that exhibit this pattern.

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Observe the three drawings labeled a, b, and c. Each drawing represents a different stage of embryonic development.

In drawing a, identify the two primary germ layers: the ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer).

In drawing b, note the formation of the future mouth. This indicates the development of a protostome, where the mouth forms before the anus.

In drawing c, observe the formation of the future anus. This indicates the development of a deuterostome, where the anus forms before the mouth.

Identify the phyla: Protostomes include phyla such as Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Annelida. Deuterostomes include phyla such as Chordata and Echinodermata.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Germ Layers

Germ layers are the primary layers of cells in the early embryo that develop into all tissues and organs. The ectoderm forms the outer layer, giving rise to the skin and nervous system, while the endoderm becomes the inner layer, developing into the digestive tract and associated organs. Understanding these layers is crucial for identifying embryonic development patterns.

Embryonic Development Patterns

Embryonic development patterns refer to the specific arrangements and transformations of germ layers during the early stages of an organism's development. Two primary patterns are protostome and deuterostome development, distinguished by the fate of the blastopore, which becomes the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes. Recognizing these patterns helps classify organisms into their respective phyla.

Phyla Classification

Phyla classification is a taxonomic rank used to group organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary history. In the context of embryonic development, organisms are often classified as either protostomes (e.g., arthropods, mollusks) or deuterostomes (e.g., chordates, echinoderms) based on their developmental patterns. This classification is essential for understanding the diversity of life and evolutionary relationships.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

a. Gastrulation

b. Multicellularity

c. Sexual reproduction

d. Flagellated sperm

The table below lists the common names of the nine animal phyla surveyed in this chapter. For each phylum, list the key characteristics and some representatives.

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Textbook Question

Which synapomorphy (shared, derived trait) distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates?

a. Multicellularity

b. Coloniality

c. Heterotrophy

d. Movement

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Textbook Question

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of