Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

47. Muscle Systems

Musculoskeletal System

General Biology

47. Muscle Systems

Musculoskeletal System

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1:07 minutes

Problem 5

Textbook Question

Which of the following bones in the human arm corresponds to the femur in the leg?
a. Radius
b. Tibia
c. Humerus
d. Metacarpal

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the question: The problem is asking for the bone in the human arm that is analogous to the femur in the leg. The femur is the long bone in the upper leg, so we are looking for the long bone in the upper arm.

Recall the anatomy of the human arm: The arm consists of three main bones: the humerus (upper arm), the radius, and the ulna (both in the forearm).

Recall the anatomy of the human leg: The femur is the single long bone in the upper leg, connecting the hip to the knee. It is the largest and strongest bone in the body.

Compare the structures: The humerus in the arm is structurally and functionally similar to the femur in the leg. Both are long bones that connect to a ball-and-socket joint (shoulder for the humerus, hip for the femur) and articulate with other bones at a hinge joint (elbow for the humerus, knee for the femur).

Conclude that the correct answer is the humerus, as it corresponds to the femur in terms of location, structure, and function.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Bone Structure and Function

Bones serve as the framework of the body, providing structure, support, and protection for organs. They also facilitate movement by serving as levers for muscles. Understanding the basic anatomy of bones, including their types and functions, is essential for comparing bones in different parts of the body.

Comparative Anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. In this context, it involves comparing the bones of the human arm and leg to identify homologous structures. Recognizing that certain bones serve similar functions across different limbs helps in understanding evolutionary relationships.

Human Skeletal System

The human skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect vital organs, and enable movement. Key bones include the femur in the leg, which is the longest bone, and the humerus in the arm, which is analogous in function. Knowing the major bones and their locations is crucial for identifying corresponding bones in different limbs.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

a. Break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP

b. Bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

c. Transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber

d. Spread action potentials through the T tubules

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Textbook Question

Arm muscles and leg muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. How does this affect their functioning?

a. It provides a backup if one of the muscles is injured.

b. One muscle of the pair pushes while the other pulls.

c. A single motor neuron can control both of them.

d. It allows the muscles to produce opposing movements.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following is critical to the function of most exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons?

a. Muscles interact with the skeleton in antagonistic groups.

b. Muscles attach to each of these types of skeletons via tendons.

c. Muscles extend joints by pushing skeletal elements.

d. Segments of the body or limbs are extended when paired muscles relax in unison.

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Textbook Question

Gravity would have the least effect on the movement of which of the following? (Explain your answer.)

a. A salmon

b. A snake

c. A sparrow

d. A grasshopper

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Textbook Question

How did data on sarcomere structure inspire the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction?

Explain why the observation that muscle cells contain many mitochondria and extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum turned out to be logical once the molecular mechanism of muscular contraction was understood.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following animals is correctly matched with its type of skeleton?

a. Fly—endoskeleton

b. Earthworm—exoskeleton

c. Lobster—exoskeleton

d. Bee—hydrostatic skeleton

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Textbook Question

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of a body after death that occurs when myosin binds to actin but cannot unbind. What prevents myosin from unbinding?