Question 1

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s experiments with pea plants were crucial for the development of modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

He showed that inheritable factors (genes) retain their individuality generation after generation.

Question 2

In Mendel’s terminology, what does the F2 generation represent?

Accepted Answer

The offspring of the F1 generation.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Principle of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs during gamete formation.

Question 4

A plant with genotype Tt is crossed with another Tt plant. What is the probability that an offspring will be homozygous recessive?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best defines a phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The observable physical traits of an organism.

Question 6

A testcross is performed between a plant with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive plant. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous dominant

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A cross between red and white flowers produces pink flowers.

Question 8

If two heterozygous individuals (Aa) for a recessive genetic disorder mate, what is the probability that their child will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

A trait controlled by multiple genes, each contributing to the phenotype.

Question 10

A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (YyRr x YyRr) produces what phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct application of the rule of multiplication in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Calculating the probability of two independent events both occurring by multiplying their individual probabilities.

Question 12

Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a dominant allele?

Accepted Answer

Huntington’s disease

Question 13

Why does inbreeding increase the probability of offspring inheriting a recessive genetic disorder?

Accepted Answer

It increases the likelihood that both parents carry the same recessive allele.

Question 14

Which prenatal test can be performed as early as the 8th week of pregnancy and provides results within 24 hours?

Accepted Answer

Chorionic villus sampling

Question 15

A pedigree shows a trait that appears in every generation and affects both males and females equally. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 16

If a woman is a carrier for cystic fibrosis (Ff) and her partner is also a carrier (Ff), what is the probability that their child will be a carrier?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes codominance?

Accepted Answer

Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote.

Question 18

A couple has three children. What is the probability that all three are girls? (Assume equal probability for boys and girls.)

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{8}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a polygenic trait?

Accepted Answer

Height

Question 20

A woman with genotype $$C^R C^W ($$red and white alleles for flower color) is crossed with a man with genotype $$C^W C^W. $$What percentage of their offspring will have pink flowers if incomplete dominance is observed?

Accepted Answer

50%

Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance – Study Guide

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