Textbook Question
In the primate phylogenetic tree below, fill in groups (a)–(e). Of the groups, which are anthropoids and which are apes?
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Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Biology: The Study of Scientific Life19
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Basis of Life17
- Ch. 3 The Molecules of Cells21
- Ch. 4 A Tour of the Cell20
- Ch. 5 The Working Cell17
- Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy18
- Ch. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food15
- Ch. 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance22
- Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance17
- Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene13
- Ch. 11 How Genes Are Controlled13
- Ch. 12 DNA Technology and Genomics23
- Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve17
- Ch. 14 The Origin of Species19
- Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History18
- Ch. 16 Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists16
- Ch. 17 The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity15
- Ch. 18 The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity13
- Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity18
- Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function11
- Ch. 21 Nutrition and Digestion16
- Ch. 22 Gas Exchange16
- Ch. 23 Circulation17
- Ch. 24 The Immune System16
- Ch. 25 Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance20
- Ch. 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System10
- Ch. 27 Reproduction and Embryonic Development12
- Ch. 28 Nervous Systems10
- Ch. 29 The Senses12
- Ch. 30 How Animals Move19
- Ch. 31 Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction9
- Ch. 32 Plant Nutrition and Transport12
- Ch. 33 Control Systems in Plants15
- Ch. 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments15
- Ch. 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment12
- Ch. 36 Population Ecology15
- Ch. 37 Communities and Ecosystems14
- Ch. 38 Conservation Biology14
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate DiversityProblem 2
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan 10th EditionCh. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate DiversityProblem 2Chapter 19, Problem 2
In the chordate phylogenetic tree below, fill in the shared derived character that defines each clade.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the concept of shared derived characters (synapomorphies): These are traits that are unique to a particular clade and are used to define evolutionary relationships within the phylogenetic tree.
Start at the base of the chordate phylogenetic tree. The notochord (a) is the shared derived character that defines all chordates, so it should be placed at the base of the tree.
Move up the tree to the next clade. The vertebral column (b) is the shared derived character that defines vertebrates, so it should be placed at the branch point where vertebrates diverge from other chordates.
Continue to the next clade. Jaws (c) are a shared derived character that defines gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), so they should be placed at the branch point where jawed vertebrates diverge from jawless vertebrates.
Proceed further up the tree, adding the remaining shared derived characters (d: bony skeleton, e: four limbs, f: amniotic egg, g: hairs) at the appropriate branch points based on their evolutionary appearance. For example, four limbs (e) define tetrapods, and hairs (g) define mammals.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Notochord
The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure that provides support and defines the primitive axis of the body in chordates. It is a key characteristic of all chordates during some stage of their development, serving as a precursor to the vertebral column in vertebrates. The presence of a notochord is essential for the development of the nervous system and the overall body plan.
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Organogenesis and Neurulation
Vertebral Column
The vertebral column, or backbone, is a series of vertebrae that encase and protect the spinal cord in vertebrates. It is a defining feature of the subphylum Vertebrata, providing structural support and enabling greater mobility. The evolution of the vertebral column marks a significant advancement in the complexity and functionality of the chordate body plan.
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Amniotic Egg
The amniotic egg is a key evolutionary adaptation that allows for reproduction in a terrestrial environment. It features a protective shell and several membranes, including the amnion, which encases the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity. This adaptation is crucial for reptiles, birds, and mammals, as it prevents desiccation and supports the development of the embryo outside of water.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics except
a. Pharyngeal slits in the embryo or adult.
b. Vertebrae.
c. Hinged jaws.
d. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
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Textbook Question
Why were the Tiktaalik fossils an exciting discovery for scientists studying tetrapod evolution?
a. They are the earliest frog-like animal discovered to date.
b. They show that tetrapods successfully colonized land much earlier than previously thought.
c. They have a roughly equal combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics.
d. They demonstrate conclusively that limbs evolved as lobe-fins dragged themselves from pond to pond during droughts.
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Textbook Question
Fossils suggest that the first major trait distinguishing hominins from other primates was
a. A larger brain.
b. Erect posture.
c. Forward-facing eyes with depth perception.
d. Tool making.
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