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Ch. 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Taylor - Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections 10th Edition
Taylor, Simon, Dickey, Hogan10th EditionCampbell Biology: Concepts & ConnectionsISBN: 9780136538783Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 19, Problem 1

In the primate phylogenetic tree below, fill in groups (a)–(e). Of the groups, which are anthropoids and which are apes?
Primate phylogenetic tree showing evolutionary relationships, with spaces for groups (a)-(e).

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Step 1: Understand the primate phylogenetic tree. The tree represents evolutionary relationships among primates, with the ancestor at the base and branching points indicating divergence events. The timeline at the bottom shows millions of years ago.
Step 2: Identify the groups labeled (a)–(e) based on their position in the tree. The branching pattern suggests evolutionary relationships, with New World monkeys diverging earlier than Old World monkeys, apes, and humans.
Step 3: Determine which groups are anthropoids. Anthropoids include monkeys (both New World and Old World) and apes. Humans are also considered anthropoids.
Step 4: Determine which groups are apes. Apes include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. These groups are closer to humans on the tree and diverged more recently.
Step 5: Assign labels to (a)–(e) based on their evolutionary position. For example, (a) could represent New World monkeys, (b) Old World monkeys, (c) gibbons, (d) great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees), and (e) humans. Verify these assignments by comparing the branching order and timeline.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Primate Phylogeny

Primate phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among primate species, depicted in a tree-like diagram. This tree illustrates how different groups of primates, such as New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes, are related through common ancestors. Understanding this phylogenetic tree is crucial for identifying which groups belong to specific categories, such as anthropoids or apes.
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Anthropoids

Anthropoids are a suborder of primates that includes monkeys, apes, and humans. They are characterized by features such as larger brains, forward-facing eyes, and a more complex social structure compared to other primates. Recognizing which groups fall under the anthropoid classification is essential for accurately filling in the phylogenetic tree.
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Apes

Apes are a branch of anthropoids that include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. They are distinguished from other primates by their lack of tails, larger body size, and advanced cognitive abilities. Identifying which groups in the phylogenetic tree are classified as apes is important for understanding their evolutionary relationships and distinguishing them from other primate groups.
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