BackHypothesis Testing: Means - Excel definitions
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1/15BackSkip to main contentBackNull Hypothesis
A statement asserting no effect or no difference, serving as the default claim tested against sample evidence. Alternative Hypothesis
A claim suggesting a difference or effect, representing what the test seeks evidence to support. Population Mean
The average value of a variable for the entire group under study, often denoted by the Greek letter mu. Sample Mean
The average value calculated from observed data, used to estimate the population mean. Population Standard Deviation
A measure of variability for the entire population, symbolized by sigma, indicating spread around the mean. Sample Standard Deviation
A measure of variability within sample data, denoted as s, reflecting how data points differ from the sample mean. Significance Level
A threshold probability, often called alpha, used to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. P-value
The probability of observing data as extreme as the sample, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Z-test
A statistical method for testing means when the population standard deviation is known, using the normal distribution. T-distribution
A probability distribution used for hypothesis testing when the population standard deviation is unknown. Degrees of Freedom
A value, typically sample size minus one, that adjusts for sample variability in statistical calculations. Test Statistic
A calculated value summarizing sample data, used to determine the p-value in hypothesis testing. Right-tail Probability
The likelihood of observing a value greater than a specified point under the null hypothesis. Left-tail Probability
The likelihood of observing a value less than a specified point under the null hypothesis. Statistical Inference
The process of drawing conclusions about a population based on sample data and probability.
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