(b) If you were to put HBr under very high pressure, so its bond length decreased significantly, would its dipole moment increase, decrease, or stay the same, if you assume that the effective charges on the atoms do not change?

In the following pairs of binary compounds, determine which one is a molecular substance and which one is an ionic substance. Use the appropriate naming convention (for ionic or molecular substances) to assign a name to each compound: (a) SiF₄ and LaF₃ (for ionic or molecular substances) to assign a name to each compound: (b) FeCl₂ and ReCl₆ (c) PbCl₄ and RbCl.

In the following pairs of binary compounds, determine which one is a molecular substance and which one is an ionic substance. Use the appropriate naming convention (for ionic or molecular substances) to assign a name to each compound: (a) TiCl₄ and CaF₂ (b) ClF₃ and VF₃

In the following pairs of binary compounds, determine which one is a molecular substance and which one is an ionic substance. Use the appropriate naming convention (for ionic or molecular substances) to assign a name to each compound: (c) SbCl₅ and AlF₃.

Draw Lewis structures for the following: (a) CH₂Cl₂ (b) ClCN (c) SF₂

Draw Lewis structures for the following: (d) H₂SO₄ (H is bonded to O) (e) OF₂

Draw Lewis structures for the following: (f) NH₂OH

Which one of these statements about formal charge is true? (a) Formal charge is the same as oxidation number. (b) To draw the best Lewis structure, you should minimize formal charge. (c) Formal charge takes into account the different electronegativities of the atoms in a molecule. (d) Formal charge is most useful for ionic compounds. (e) Formal charge is used in calculating the dipole moment of a diatomic molecule.

For each of the following molecules or ions of sulfur and oxygen, write a single Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule, and calculate the oxidation numbers and formal charges on all the atoms: (a) SO₂ Write a single Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for SO₂ and assign the formal charges on all the atoms. (b) SO₃ Write a single Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for SO₃ and assign the formal charges on all the atoms. (c) SO₃^2- Write a single Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for SO₃^2- and assign the formal charges on all the atoms.

(c) What would you predict for the lengths of the bonds in NO₂^- relative to N¬O single bonds and double bonds?

Consider the formate ion, HCO₂^-, which is the anion formed when formic acid loses an H⁺ ion. The H and the two O atoms are bonded to the central C atom. (c) Would you predict that the C—O bond lengths in the formate ion would be longer or shorter relative to those in CO₂?

Predict the ordering, from shortest to longest, of the bond lengths in CO, CO₂, and CO₃^2- .

Based on Lewis structures, predict the ordering, from shortest to longest, of N¬O bond lengths in NO+, NO2-, and NO3-.

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:(a) Draw all of the resonance structures of naphthalene. How many are there?

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:

(b) Do you expect the C—C bond lengths in the molecule to be similar to those of C—C single bonds, C ═ C double bonds, or intermediate between C—C single and C ═ C double bonds?

Mothballs are composed of naphthalene, C₁₀H₈, a molecule that consists of two six-membered rings of carbon fused along an edge, as shown in this incomplete Lewis structure:

(c) Not all of the C—C bond lengths in naphthalene are equivalent. Based on your resonance structures, how many C—C bonds in the molecule do you expect to be shorter than the others?

(a) Which of these compounds is an exception to the octet rule: carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, phosphorus trifluoride, or arsenic pentafluoride?

Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following molecules or ions. Identify instances where the octet rule is not obeyed; state which atom in each compound does not follow the octet rule; and state how many electrons surround these atoms: (a) PF₆^-, (b) BeCl₂, (c) NH₃, (d) XeF₂O (the Xe is the central atom), (e) SO₄^2- .

In the vapor phase, BeCl₂ exists as a discrete molecule. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of this molecule, using only single bonds. Does this Lewis structure satisfy the octet rule?

In the vapor phase, BeCl₂ exists as a discrete molecule. (b) What other resonance structures are possible that satisfy the octet rule?

(a) Describe the molecule xenon trioxide, XeO3, using four possible Lewis structures, one each with zero, one, two, or three Xe¬O double bonds. (b) Do any of these resonance structures satisfy the octet rule for every atom in the molecule? (c) Do any of the four Lewis structures have multiple resonance structures? If so, how many resonance structures do you find? (d) Which of the Lewis structures in part (a) yields the most favorable formal charges for the molecule?

There are many Lewis structures you could draw for sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ (each H is bonded to an O). (a) What Lewis structure(s) would you draw to satisfy the octet rule?

There are many Lewis structures you could draw for sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (each H is bonded to an O). (b) What Lewis structure(s) would you draw to minimize formal charge?

Some chemists believe that satisfaction of the octet rule should be the top criterion for choosing the dominant Lewis structure of a molecule or ion. Other chemists believe that achieving the best formal charges should be the top criterion. Consider the dihydrogen phosphate ion, H₂PO₄^-, in which the H atoms are bonded to O atoms. (a) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if satisfying the octet rule is the top criterion?

Some chemists believe that satisfaction of the octet rule should be the top criterion for choosing the dominant Lewis structure of a molecule or ion. Other chemists believe that achieving the best formal charges should be the top criterion. Consider the dihydrogen phosphate ion, H₂PO₄^-, in which the H atoms are bonded to O atoms. (b) What is the predicted dominant Lewis structure if achieving the best formal charges is the top criterion?