Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

9. Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis

Genetics

9. Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis

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2: minutes

Problem 2c

Textbook Question

Our closest primate relative, the chimpanzee, has a diploid number of 2n = 48. For each of the following stages of M phase, identify the number of chromosomes present in each cell.
End of meiotic anaphase II

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Understand the diploid number of the chimpanzee: 2n = 48. This means the organism has 48 chromosomes in its diploid cells, with 24 chromosomes in each haploid cell (n = 24).

Recall that meiosis consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, where sister chromatids are separated into different cells.

At the end of meiotic anaphase II, sister chromatids have been pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. Each chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.

Since meiosis II starts with haploid cells (n = 24), and each chromosome splits into two chromatids during anaphase II, there will be 24 chromosomes at each pole of the cell.

After the completion of anaphase II, the cell will proceed to cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid daughter cells, each containing 24 chromosomes.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Diploid and Haploid Numbers

Diploid (2n) refers to cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. In the case of chimpanzees, the diploid number is 48, meaning they have 24 pairs of chromosomes. During meiosis, cells undergo two rounds of division, ultimately producing haploid (n) cells, which contain only one set of chromosomes.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells. It consists of two main stages: meiosis I, where homologous chromosomes are separated, and meiosis II, where sister chromatids are separated. Understanding the stages of meiosis is crucial for determining the chromosome number at specific points, such as anaphase II.

Anaphase II

Anaphase II is a stage in meiosis II where the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. At this point, each chromatid is considered an individual chromosome. For chimpanzees, with a diploid number of 48, during anaphase II, there would be 48 chromosomes present in total, as each of the 24 pairs has been separated into individual chromatids.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following are sources of genetic variation during meiosis?

During which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

Write a short essay that contrasts mitosis and meiosis, including their respective roles in organisms, the mechanisms by which they achieve their respective outcomes, and the consequences should either process fail to be executed with absolute fidelity.

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Textbook Question

Our closest primate relative, the chimpanzee, has a diploid number of 2n = 48. For each of the following stages of M phase, identify the number of chromosomes present in each cell.

Early prophase I

328

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Textbook Question

Our closest primate relative, the chimpanzee, has a diploid number of 2n = 48. For each of the following stages of M phase, identify the number of chromosomes present in each cell.

Meiotic metaphase I

523

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Textbook Question

Cohesion between sister chromatids, as well as tension created by the pull of kinetochore microtubules, is essential to ensure efficient separation of chromatids at mitotic anaphase or in meiotic anaphase II. Explain why sister chromatid cohesion is important, and discuss the role of the proteins cohesin and separase in sister chromatid separation.

621

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Textbook Question

The diploid number of the hypothetical animal Geneticus introductus is 2n = 36. Each diploid nucleus contains 3 ng of DNA in G₁.

Explain why a somatic cell of Geneticus introductus has the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA at the beginning of mitotic prophase as one of these cells does at the beginning of prophase I of meiosis.

478

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Textbook Question

The diploid number of the hypothetical animal Geneticus introductus is 2n = 36. Each diploid nucleus contains 3 ng of DNA in G₁.

What amount of DNA is contained in each nucleus at the end of the S phase?

388

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