Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

11. Translation

Transfer RNA

Genetics

11. Translation

Transfer RNA

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3:36 minutes

Problem 20b

Textbook Question

Describe the roles and relationships between tRNA anticodon sequences and mRNA codon sequences.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of mRNA codons: mRNA is composed of nucleotide sequences organized into codons, which are groups of three nucleotides. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or a stop signal during translation.

Learn the structure of tRNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules have an anticodon region that consists of three nucleotides complementary to the mRNA codon. This allows tRNA to recognize and bind to the correct codon on the mRNA strand.

Explore the base-pairing rules: The anticodon on tRNA pairs with the mRNA codon through complementary base pairing. For example, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). This ensures accurate translation of the genetic code.

Understand the role of tRNA in translation: tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome. When the anticodon of tRNA binds to the corresponding mRNA codon, the ribosome facilitates the addition of the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.

Recognize the importance of codon-anticodon interaction: The precise pairing between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons ensures that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled, which is critical for producing functional proteins.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

tRNA and Anticodons

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode mRNA sequences into proteins. Each tRNA molecule has a specific three-nucleotide sequence called an anticodon, which is complementary to a corresponding codon on the mRNA. This complementary pairing ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

mRNA and Codons

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized. The mRNA is read in sets of three nucleotides known as codons, each of which specifies a particular amino acid. The sequence of codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein, which is crucial for its function.

Translation Process

Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein. During translation, ribosomes facilitate the binding of tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons, ensuring that the correct amino acids are linked together in the proper order. This process is essential for gene expression and the synthesis of functional proteins.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

What are isoaccepting tRNAs? Assuming that there are only 20 different aminoacyl tRNA synthetases but 31 different tRNAs, speculate on parameters that might be used to ensure that each charged tRNA has received the correct amino acid.

1101

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Textbook Question

Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:

5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′

What events occur to permit the next tRNA to interact with mRNA?

406

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Textbook Question

Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:

5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′

What is the anticodon triplet sequence of the next tRNA to interact with mRNA?

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Textbook Question

Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:

5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′

Diagram translation at the moment the fourth amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain. Show the ribosome; label its A, P, and E sites; show its direction of movement; and indicate the position and anticodon triplet sequence of tRNAs that are currently interacting with mRNA codons.

630

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Textbook Question

Describe the roles and relationships between tRNA synthetases and tRNA molecules.

508

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Textbook Question

For each of the following tRNA anticodon sequences, give the sequence of the corresponding codon sequence, the amino acid carried by the tRNA, and the corresponding DNA coding strand sequence and polarity.

3′-UAC-5′

3′-CCU-5′

3′-AUG-5′