Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

21. Population Genetics

Allelic Frequency Changes

Genetics

21. Population Genetics

Allelic Frequency Changes

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1:31 minutes

Problem 36a

Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:
F=4(1/2)⁶

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of inbreeding coefficient (F). The inbreeding coefficient quantifies the probability that two alleles at a locus are identical by descent. It is calculated based on the pathways of inheritance in a pedigree.

Step 2: Recognize the formula for calculating F. In this case, F = 4(1/2)⁶. This formula indicates that there are four pathways contributing to the inbreeding coefficient, and each pathway involves six generations of inheritance.

Step 3: Draw a hypothetical pedigree. Start with a common ancestor at the top of the pedigree. Trace the pathways of inheritance through six generations, ensuring that the same ancestor contributes genetic material to both parents of the inbred individual.

Step 4: Identify the inbred individual in the pedigree. This individual will have parents who are related through the common ancestor. Mark this individual clearly and label the pathways that lead to their inbreeding.

Step 5: Highlight the inbreeding pathways. For each of the four pathways, trace the flow of genetic material from the common ancestor to the inbred individual, passing through six generations. Ensure that the pathways are distinct and correctly represent the formula F = 4(1/2)⁶.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Inbreeding Coefficient (F)

The inbreeding coefficient (F) quantifies the probability that two alleles at a locus are identical by descent. It ranges from 0 (no inbreeding) to 1 (complete inbreeding). In this context, F=4(1/2)⁶ indicates a specific level of inbreeding, which can be calculated based on the number of generations and the relatedness of the individuals involved.

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree analysis is a method used to trace the inheritance of traits through generations in a family tree format. It helps identify relationships between individuals, including inbred individuals, by illustrating how traits are passed down. Understanding how to construct and interpret pedigrees is essential for visualizing inbreeding pathways and calculating inbreeding coefficients.

Inbreeding Pathways

Inbreeding pathways refer to the specific routes through which genetic material is passed between related individuals, leading to inbreeding. These pathways can be traced in a pedigree to identify how closely related individuals contribute to the genetic makeup of offspring. Recognizing these pathways is crucial for understanding the implications of inbreeding on genetic diversity and potential health issues in a population.

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Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer the questions below. Calculate F for any inbred members of this family.

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Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer the questions below. Who is/are the common ancestor(s) of the inbred individual(s)?

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Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer the questions below. Which individual(s) in this family is/are inbred?

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Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

F=2(1/2)⁵

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Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

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Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

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The human melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) plays a major role in producing eumelanin, a black-brown pigment that helps determine hair color and skin color. Jonathan Rees and several colleagues (J. L. Rees et al., Am. J. Human Genet. 66(2000): 1351–1361) studied multiple MC1R alleles in African and European populations. Although this research found several MC1R alleles in African populations, MC1R alleles that decrease the production of eumelanin were rare. In contrast, several alleles decreasing eumelanin production were found in European populations. How can these results be explained by natural selection?

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