Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

21. Population Genetics

Allelic Frequency Changes

Genetics

21. Population Genetics

Allelic Frequency Changes

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1:47 minutes

Problem 36c

Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:
F=4(1/2)⁸

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of inbreeding coefficient (F). The inbreeding coefficient quantifies the probability that an individual has inherited two alleles that are identical by descent from a common ancestor. In this case, F = 4(1/2)⁸ represents the degree of inbreeding in the pedigree.

Step 2: Break down the formula F = 4(1/2)⁸. The term (1/2)⁸ indicates the probability of allele transmission through eight generations, and the factor of 4 accounts for the number of pathways through which alleles can be inherited from a common ancestor.

Step 3: Identify the inbreeding pathways. In a pedigree, inbreeding occurs when two individuals who are related mate, leading to offspring with alleles that are identical by descent. Trace the pathways through which alleles are transmitted from the common ancestor to the inbred individual over eight generations.

Step 4: Draw the pedigree. Start with the common ancestor at the top and trace the lineage through eight generations. Ensure that the mating pairs in the pedigree reflect the relationships necessary to produce inbred individuals. Highlight the inbred individuals and label the pathways contributing to the inbreeding coefficient.

Step 5: Verify the pedigree structure. Confirm that the number of generations and pathways matches the formula F = 4(1/2)⁸. Ensure that the inbred individuals are correctly identified and that the pedigree accurately represents the hypothetical scenario described.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Inbreeding Coefficient (F)

The inbreeding coefficient (F) quantifies the probability that two alleles at a locus are identical by descent. It ranges from 0 (no inbreeding) to 1 (complete inbreeding). In this context, F=4(1/2)⁸ indicates a specific level of inbreeding, which can be calculated to understand the genetic relationships among individuals in a pedigree.

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree analysis is a method used to trace the inheritance of traits through generations in a family tree format. It helps identify relationships between individuals, including inbred individuals, by illustrating how traits are passed down. Understanding how to construct and interpret pedigrees is essential for visualizing inbreeding pathways and calculating inbreeding coefficients.

Inbreeding Pathways

Inbreeding pathways refer to the specific routes through which genetic material is shared among individuals in a pedigree. These pathways can reveal how closely related individuals are and how inbreeding occurs within a population. Identifying these pathways is crucial for understanding the implications of inbreeding on genetic diversity and potential health issues in offspring.

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Textbook Question

Evaluate the following pedigree, and answer the questions below. Which individual(s) in this family is/are inbred?

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Textbook Question

The following is a partial pedigree of the British royal family. The family contains several inbred individuals and a number of inbreeding pathways. Carefully evaluate the pedigree, and identify the pathways and common ancestors that produce inbred individuals A (Alice in generation IV), B (George VI in generation VI), and C (Charles in generation VIII).

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Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

F=4(1/2)⁶

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Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

F=2(1/2)⁵

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Textbook Question

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:

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The human melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) plays a major role in producing eumelanin, a black-brown pigment that helps determine hair color and skin color. Jonathan Rees and several colleagues (J. L. Rees et al., Am. J. Human Genet. 66(2000): 1351–1361) studied multiple MC1R alleles in African and European populations. Although this research found several MC1R alleles in African populations, MC1R alleles that decrease the production of eumelanin were rare. In contrast, several alleles decreasing eumelanin production were found in European populations. How can these results be explained by natural selection?

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Achromatopsia is a rare autosomal recessive form of complete color blindness that affects about 1 in 20,000 people in most populations. People with this disorder see only in black and white and have extreme sensitivity to light and poor visual acuity. On Pingelap Island, one of a cluster of coral atoll islands in the Federated States of Micronesia, approximately 10% of the 3000 indigenous Pingelapese inhabitants have achromatopsia.Achromatopsia was first recorded on Pingelap in the mid-1800s, about four generations after a typhoon devastated Pingelap and reduced the island population to about 20 people. All Pingelapese with achromatopsia trace their ancestry to one male who was one of the 20 typhoon survivors. Provide a genetic explanation for the origin of achromatopsia on Pingelap, and explain the most likely evolutionary model for the high frequency there of achromatopsia.

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New allopolyploid plant species can arise by hybridization between two species. If hybridization occurs between a diploid plant species with 2n = 14 and a second diploid species with 2n = 22, the new allopolyploid would have 36 chromosomes. What pattern of speciation is illustrated by the development of the allopolyploid species?

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Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:F=4(1/2)⁸

Key Concepts

Inbreeding Coefficient (F)

Pedigree Analysis

Inbreeding Pathways

Watch next

Draw a separate hypothetical pedigree identifying the inbred individuals and the inbreeding pathways for each of the following inbreeding coefficients:
F=4(1/2)⁸