Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

10. Transcription

Transcription in Eukaryotes

Genetics

10. Transcription

Transcription in Eukaryotes

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1:40 minutes

Problem 15c

Textbook Question

The eukaryotic gene Gen-100 contains four introns labeled A to D. Imagine that Gen-100 has been isolated and its DNA has been denatured and mixed with polyadenylated mRNA from the gene.
Are intron regions single stranded or double stranded? Why?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of eukaryotic genes: Eukaryotic genes contain exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions). During transcription, the entire gene, including both exons and introns, is transcribed into pre-mRNA.

Learn about RNA splicing: In eukaryotes, introns are removed from the pre-mRNA during a process called splicing, leaving only the exons to form the mature mRNA. This mature mRNA is polyadenylated (has a poly-A tail) and is used for translation.

Consider the experimental setup: The DNA of the gene Gen-100 is denatured (separated into single strands) and mixed with the mature, polyadenylated mRNA. The mRNA will hybridize (base-pair) with its complementary sequence on the DNA strand.

Analyze the hybridization: Since the mature mRNA only contains exons, it will hybridize with the exon regions of the DNA. The intron regions, which are not present in the mRNA, will remain single-stranded because they have no complementary sequence in the mRNA to pair with.

Conclude the reasoning: The intron regions are single-stranded in this experiment because they are not represented in the mature mRNA and therefore cannot form double-stranded regions through hybridization.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Introns and Exons

Introns are non-coding regions of a gene that are transcribed into pre-mRNA but are removed during RNA splicing. Exons, on the other hand, are the coding sequences that remain in the mature mRNA. Understanding the distinction between introns and exons is crucial for analyzing gene structure and function.

DNA Denaturation

DNA denaturation refers to the process of separating the two strands of the DNA double helix, typically through heat or chemical treatment. This results in single-stranded DNA, which is essential for processes like transcription and hybridization with mRNA. Recognizing the state of DNA during denaturation helps in understanding the context of intron and exon interactions.

mRNA and Its Structure

mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. It is synthesized from the DNA template during transcription and includes only exons after splicing. Knowing the structure of mRNA is important for understanding how it relates to introns, which are absent in the final mRNA product.

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Textbook Question

Describe the difference between introns and exons.

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Textbook Question

For a eukaryotic gene whose transcription requires the activity of an enhancer sequence, explain how proteins bound at the enhancer interact with RNA pol II and transcription factors bound at the promoter.

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Textbook Question

Three genes identified in the diagram as A, B, and C are transcribed from a region of DNA. The 5'-to-3' transcription of genes A and C elongates mRNA in the right-to-left direction, and transcription of gene B elongates mRNA in the left-to-right direction. For each gene, identify the coding strand by designating it as an 'upper strand' or 'lower strand' in the diagram.

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Textbook Question

Compare the control of gene regulation in eukaryotes and bacteria at the level of initiation of transcription. How do the regulatory mechanisms work? What are the similarities and differences in these two types of organisms in terms of the specific components of the regulatory mechanisms?

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Textbook Question

The eukaryotic gene Gen-100 contains four introns labeled A to D. Imagine that Gen-100 has been isolated and its DNA has been denatured and mixed with polyadenylated mRNA from the gene.

Label the introns.

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Textbook Question

The eukaryotic gene Gen-100 contains four introns labeled A to D. Imagine that Gen-100 has been isolated and its DNA has been denatured and mixed with polyadenylated mRNA from the gene.

Illustrate the R-loop structure that would be seen with electron microscopy.

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Textbook Question

Many promoter regions contain CAAT boxes containing consensus sequences CAAT or CCAAT approximately 70 to 80 bases upstream from the transcription start site. How might one determine the influence of CAAT boxes on the transcription rate of a given gene?

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Textbook Question

Research indicates that promoters may fall into one of two classes: focused or dispersed. How do these classes differ, and which genes tend to be associated with each?

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The eukaryotic gene Gen-100 contains four introns labeled A to D. Imagine that Gen-100 has been isolated and its DNA has been denatured and mixed with polyadenylated mRNA from the gene.Are intron regions single stranded or double stranded? Why?

Key Concepts

Introns and Exons

DNA Denaturation

mRNA and Its Structure

Watch next

The eukaryotic gene Gen-100 contains four introns labeled A to D. Imagine that Gen-100 has been isolated and its DNA has been denatured and mixed with polyadenylated mRNA from the gene.
Are intron regions single stranded or double stranded? Why?