Textbook Question
Contrast the roles of tRNA and mRNA during translation, and list all enzymes that participate in the transcription and translation process.
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Ch. 13 - Translation and Proteins
Klug10th EditionEssentials of GeneticsISBN: 9780135588789
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Introduction to Genetics16
- Ch. 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis28
- Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics37
- Ch. 4 - Modification of Mendelian Ratios53
- Ch. 5 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes32
- Ch. 6 - Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement37
- Ch. 7 - Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes36
- Ch. 8 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages24
- Ch. 9 - DNA Structure and Analysis38
- Ch. 10 - DNA Replication29
- Ch. 11 - Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization22
- Ch. 12 - The Genetic Code and Transcription36
- Ch. 13 - Translation and Proteins27
- Ch. 14 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition34
- Ch. 15 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria22
- Ch. 16 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes37
- Ch. 17 - Recombinant DNA Technology27
- Ch. 18 - Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics30
- Ch. 19 - The Genetics of Cancer21
- Ch. 20 - Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits37
- Ch. 21 - Population and Evolutionary Genetics45
Chapter 13, Problem 7
Summarize the steps involved in charging tRNAs with their appropriate amino acids.
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the specific amino acid and its corresponding tRNA molecule, which has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon for that amino acid.
Recognize that the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the attachment of the amino acid to its correct tRNA; each amino acid has its own specific synthetase.
Understand that the charging process begins with the activation of the amino acid by reacting it with ATP, forming an aminoacyl-AMP intermediate and releasing pyrophosphate (PPi). This can be represented as: \[\text{Amino acid} + \text{ATP} \rightarrow \text{Aminoacyl-AMP} + \text{PPi}\]
Next, the activated amino acid is transferred from aminoacyl-AMP to the 3' end of the tRNA, forming aminoacyl-tRNA and releasing AMP: \[\text{Aminoacyl-AMP} + \text{tRNA} \rightarrow \text{Aminoacyl-tRNA} + \text{AMP}\]
Finally, the charged tRNA (aminoacyl-tRNA) is released from the synthetase enzyme and is now ready to deliver its amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Role of tRNA in Protein Synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules serve as adaptors that translate the genetic code from mRNA into amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA, ensuring correct amino acid incorporation.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Enzymes
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs. Each enzyme is specific to one amino acid and its compatible tRNAs, ensuring high fidelity in matching amino acids to the correct tRNA molecules.
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Two-step Charging Process of tRNA
Charging tRNA involves a two-step reaction: first, the amino acid is activated by ATP to form aminoacyl-AMP; second, the activated amino acid is transferred to the 3' end of the tRNA. This process forms aminoacyl-tRNA, which is then ready to participate in translation.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Francis Crick proposed the 'adaptor hypothesis' for the function of tRNA. Why did he choose that description?
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Textbook Question
During translation, what molecule bears the codon? the anticodon?
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Textbook Question
To carry out its role, each transfer RNA requires at least four specific recognition sites that must be inherent in its tertiary structure. What are they?
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Textbook Question
Explain why the one-gene:one-enzyme concept is not considered totally accurate today.
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