Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Functional Groups in Chemistry

GOB Chemistry

12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Functional Groups in Chemistry

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Problem 65

Textbook Question

The line structure for pregabalin (Lyrica) is shown as follows:

Identify carbons a–d as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the definitions of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons. A primary carbon is bonded to only one other carbon atom, a secondary carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms, a tertiary carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms, and a quaternary carbon is bonded to four other carbon atoms.

Step 2: Examine the line structure of pregabalin (Lyrica) and locate the carbons labeled a–d. Each carbon's bonding pattern will determine its classification.

Step 3: For each labeled carbon (a–d), count the number of carbon atoms directly bonded to it. Use the definitions from Step 1 to classify each carbon as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.

Step 4: Verify your classifications by double-checking the bonding patterns of each labeled carbon. Ensure that the total number of bonds for each carbon is consistent with the octet rule (four bonds total, including bonds to hydrogen).

Step 5: Summarize your findings by listing the classification (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary) for each labeled carbon (a–d) based on your analysis.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Carbon Classification

Carbons in organic chemistry are classified based on the number of other carbon atoms they are bonded to. A primary carbon is attached to one other carbon, a secondary carbon to two, a tertiary carbon to three, and a quaternary carbon to four. This classification is essential for understanding the structure and reactivity of organic compounds.

Structural Representation

The line structure of a molecule visually represents the arrangement of atoms and bonds. In this format, lines indicate bonds between atoms, while vertices represent carbon atoms. Understanding how to read and interpret these structures is crucial for identifying the types of carbons present in a compound.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical properties and reactions of those molecules. While the question focuses on carbon classification, recognizing functional groups can provide insight into the behavior of the compound, including its pharmacological effects, as seen with pregabalin.