Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Translation: Protein Synthesis

GOB Chemistry

26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Translation: Protein Synthesis

Previous problem

3:30 minutes

Problem 79b

Textbook Question

A specific virus contains RNA as its genetic material.
b. What is the name of the type of virus that uses reverse transcription?

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Understand the context: The problem mentions a virus containing RNA as its genetic material. This is a key characteristic of certain types of viruses, particularly retroviruses.

Recall the concept of reverse transcription: Reverse transcription is a process where RNA is converted into DNA, which is the reverse of the usual transcription process in cells. This process is facilitated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

Identify the type of virus: Viruses that use reverse transcription are called retroviruses. Retroviruses have RNA genomes and rely on reverse transcriptase to integrate their genetic material into the host's DNA.

Connect the information: Since the problem asks for the name of the type of virus that uses reverse transcription, the answer is retrovirus, based on the definition and characteristics provided.

Review examples: Common examples of retroviruses include HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which uses reverse transcription as part of its replication cycle.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

RNA Viruses

RNA viruses are a class of viruses that have ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material. Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses can replicate their genetic material directly in the host cell's cytoplasm. This characteristic allows them to evolve rapidly, which is a significant factor in their ability to adapt and cause diseases.

Reverse Transcription

Reverse transcription is a process by which RNA is converted into DNA. This is a key step for certain viruses, particularly retroviruses, which utilize this mechanism to integrate their genetic material into the host's genome. The enzyme reverse transcriptase facilitates this conversion, allowing the virus to replicate within the host.

Retroviruses

Retroviruses are a specific type of RNA virus that use reverse transcription to replicate. They are characterized by their ability to convert their RNA genome into DNA, which can then integrate into the host's DNA. The most well-known retrovirus is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is responsible for AIDS.

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For each of the following, note whether the component can be found in a virus, a cell, or both.

c. ribosome

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For each of the following, note whether the component can be found in a virus, a cell, or both.

c. capsid

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For each of the following, note whether the component can be found in a virus, a cell, or both.

a. RNA

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Textbook Question

A specific virus contains RNA as its genetic material.

a. Why might reverse transcription be used in the life cycle of this type of virus?

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Open Question

Tuftsin is an immunostimulator tetrapeptide having the following sequence:

Thr–Lys–Pro–Arg

Write a possible sequence for the gene (Informational & template strand) that codes for this tetrapeptide.

Open Question

Tuftsin is an immunostimulator tetrapeptide having the following sequence:

Thr–Lys–Pro–Arg

Write a possible sequence for the gene (Informational & template strand) that codes for this tetrapeptide.

Textbook Question

What amino acid sequence is coded for by the mRNA base sequence CUC-AUU-CCA-UGC-GAC-GUA?

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Textbook Question

Gln-His-Pro-Gly is the sequence of a molecule known as progenitor thyrotropin-releasing hormone (pro-TRH). If we were searching for pro-TRH genes, we would need to know what sequence of bases in DNA we should be looking for. Use the following boxes to indicate answers to parts (a)–(d).

a. What RNA sequence could code for these four amino acids?

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