Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Transcription
Transcription is the first step of translation, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and involves the enzyme RNA polymerase, which synthesizes the mRNA strand complementary to the DNA template. The resulting mRNA carries the genetic information needed for protein synthesis.
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Translation Initiation
Translation initiation is the second step, where the mRNA binds to the ribosome, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. During this phase, the small ribosomal subunit recognizes the start codon on the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA, carrying the first amino acid, binds to this codon. This sets the stage for the elongation phase of translation.
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Translation Elongation and Termination
The final step involves elongation and termination. During elongation, amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain as the ribosome moves along the mRNA. This process continues until a stop codon is reached, signaling termination, at which point the completed protein is released. This step is crucial for producing functional proteins that perform various roles in the cell.
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