Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

15. Aldehydes and Ketones

Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

GOB Chemistry

15. Aldehydes and Ketones

Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Problem 53b

Textbook Question

Draw the condensed structural or line-angle formula for the alcohol produced when hydrogen and a nickel catalyst reduce each of the following:
b.

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the functional group in the given compound. In this case, the compound likely contains a carbonyl group (C=O), as alcohols are typically produced by the reduction of aldehydes or ketones.

Understand the reduction process: When a carbonyl group is reduced using hydrogen (H₂) and a nickel catalyst, the double bond between carbon and oxygen is broken, and two hydrogen atoms are added. This converts the carbonyl group into a hydroxyl group (-OH), forming an alcohol.

Determine the type of alcohol formed: If the carbonyl group is part of an aldehyde, the reduction will produce a primary alcohol. If the carbonyl group is part of a ketone, the reduction will produce a secondary alcohol.

Draw the structure of the alcohol: Replace the carbonyl group (C=O) in the original structure with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and ensure that the remaining bonds and substituents are correctly represented in the condensed structural or line-angle formula.

Verify the final structure: Check that the resulting alcohol structure is consistent with the original compound and the reduction process, ensuring all atoms have the correct number of bonds and the structure adheres to standard chemical notation.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen (H2) to a compound, typically in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel. This process is commonly used to convert unsaturated organic compounds, like alkenes or alkynes, into saturated compounds, such as alkanes or alcohols. Understanding hydrogenation is crucial for predicting the products of the reaction described in the question.

Alcohol Functional Group

An alcohol is an organic compound that contains one or more hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups attached to a carbon atom. The presence of this functional group is what classifies a compound as an alcohol, influencing its chemical properties and reactivity. Recognizing the structure of alcohols is essential for drawing their condensed structural or line-angle formulas.

Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas

Condensed structural formulas provide a simplified representation of a molecule, showing the arrangement of atoms and functional groups without depicting all bonds explicitly. Line-angle formulas, on the other hand, use lines to represent bonds between atoms, with vertices representing carbon atoms. Mastery of these formulas is important for accurately illustrating the structure of the alcohol produced from the hydrogenation reaction.