Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

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2:53 minutes

Problem 35

Textbook Question

Name the reactions in the citric acid cycle that involve oxidative decarboxylation.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the term 'oxidative decarboxylation'. This refers to a chemical reaction where a molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) is removed as carbon dioxide (CO₂). These reactions are key steps in metabolic pathways like the citric acid cycle.

Step 2: Recall the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle). It is a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the mitochondria, playing a central role in cellular respiration by oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO₂ and generating energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH₂.

Step 3: Identify the specific reactions in the citric acid cycle that involve oxidative decarboxylation. These are the steps where both oxidation and the release of CO₂ occur. The two key reactions are: (1) the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase, and (2) the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

Step 4: For the first reaction, isocitrate is oxidized to form oxalosuccinate, which then undergoes decarboxylation to produce α-ketoglutarate. This reaction also reduces NAD⁺ to NADH. The overall reaction can be written as:

isocitrate + NAD

⁺ → α-ketoglutarate + NADH⁺ + CO2.

Step 5: For the second reaction, α-ketoglutarate is oxidized and decarboxylated to form succinyl-CoA. This reaction also reduces NAD⁺ to NADH. The overall reaction can be written as:

α -ketoglutarate + NAD

⁺ + CoA → succinyl-CoA + NADH⁺ + CO2.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. It occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are crucial for cellular respiration. Understanding this cycle is essential for identifying specific reactions, particularly those involving decarboxylation.

Oxidative Decarboxylation

Oxidative decarboxylation is a biochemical process where a carboxyl group is removed from a molecule as carbon dioxide, coupled with the oxidation of the remaining molecule. In the context of the citric acid cycle, this process is vital for converting substrates into energy-rich compounds while releasing CO2 as a byproduct. It is a key step in the cycle that contributes to the overall energy yield.

Key Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle

Within the citric acid cycle, specific reactions are classified as oxidative decarboxylation, notably the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate and the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA. These reactions are catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, respectively, and are crucial for the cycle's function, as they produce NADH and release CO2.