Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

The Citric Acid Cycle

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4:08 minutes

Problem 79d

Textbook Question

Refer to the diagram of the citric acid cycle in Figure 12.11 to answer each of the following:
d. Name the reactions where secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones.

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the secondary alcohols in the citric acid cycle. Secondary alcohols are characterized by a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom that is also bonded to two other carbon atoms.

Locate the steps in the citric acid cycle where these secondary alcohols undergo oxidation. Oxidation involves the loss of hydrogen atoms or electrons, resulting in the formation of a ketone group (C=O).

Refer to the specific enzymes involved in these oxidation reactions. In the citric acid cycle, dehydrogenase enzymes typically catalyze oxidation reactions.

Match the reactions to their corresponding intermediates in the citric acid cycle. For example, identify the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, which involves the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone.

Summarize the reactions by naming the specific steps and intermediates where secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones, ensuring clarity and accuracy in your response.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. It involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Understanding this cycle is crucial for identifying specific reactions, such as those involving secondary alcohols.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of alcohols refers to the chemical process where alcohols lose electrons, often resulting in the formation of carbonyl compounds. In the context of the citric acid cycle, secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones through specific enzymatic reactions, which are essential for energy production and metabolic pathways.

Enzymatic Reactions

Enzymatic reactions are biochemical processes facilitated by enzymes, which act as catalysts to speed up reactions without being consumed. In the citric acid cycle, specific enzymes catalyze the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones, highlighting the importance of enzyme specificity and regulation in metabolic pathways.