Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Intro to Citric Acid Cycle

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Intro to Citric Acid Cycle

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2:33 minutes

Problem 35

Textbook Question

What are the products from one turn of the citric acid cycle?

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. It is a key metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

In one turn of the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) combines with oxaloacetate (4 carbons) to form citrate (6 carbons). This initiates the cycle.

As the cycle progresses, citrate undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions, including decarboxylation and oxidation, which release two molecules of CO₂ and regenerate oxaloacetate to complete the cycle.

During these reactions, energy is captured in the form of high-energy molecules: 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH₂, and 1 molecule of GTP (or ATP, depending on the cell type). These molecules are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

The products of one turn of the citric acid cycle are: 2 CO₂, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 GTP (or ATP), and the regenerated oxaloacetate, which is ready to combine with another acetyl-CoA to start the cycle again.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. It occurs in the mitochondria and is a key component of cellular respiration, where acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce energy-rich molecules.

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA is a central metabolite in the citric acid cycle, formed from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It serves as the starting substrate for the cycle, combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which initiates the series of reactions that lead to energy production.

Products of the Cycle

One turn of the citric acid cycle produces several key products: three NADH, one FADH2, one GTP (or ATP), and two carbon dioxide molecules. These products are crucial for the electron transport chain, where NADH and FADH2 are used to generate additional ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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