Textbook Question
Identify the type of reaction for the following:
a.
b.
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
Intro to Addition Reactions
Problem 8b
Textbook Question
Many biological transformations can be simply classified as additions, eliminations, or substitutions. How would you classify the following reactions?
b. 2-Phosphoglyceric acid to phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the type of reaction by analyzing the structural changes between the reactant (2-phosphoglyceric acid) and the product (phosphoenolpyruvic acid). Look for the addition or removal of atoms or groups, or the substitution of one group for another.
Observe that in this reaction, a water molecule (H₂O) is removed from the reactant. This is evident because the product contains a double bond (C=C) that was not present in the reactant.
Classify the reaction as an elimination reaction. Elimination reactions involve the removal of atoms or groups from a molecule, often resulting in the formation of a double bond or a ring structure.
Relate this reaction to its biological context in glycolysis. The conversion of 2-phosphoglyceric acid to phosphoenolpyruvic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase, which facilitates the elimination of water.
Conclude that this reaction is an example of an elimination reaction, specifically a dehydration reaction, as it involves the removal of a water molecule.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Biological Transformations
Biological transformations refer to the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms, facilitating processes such as metabolism and energy production. These transformations can be categorized into three main types: additions, eliminations, and substitutions, which describe how molecules interact and change during biochemical pathways.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the form of ATP. It consists of a series of enzymatic reactions, and understanding this pathway is crucial for analyzing the transformations of intermediates like 2-phosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenolpyruvic acid, which are key players in energy metabolism.
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Enzyme Catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the process by which enzymes accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, allowing transformations such as the conversion of 2-phosphoglyceric acid to phosphoenolpyruvic acid to occur efficiently under physiological conditions, which is essential for maintaining metabolic processes.
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