21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Compare the structures of vitamin A and vitamin C. Which one is water-soluble and which is fat-soluble? What structural features does each have that make one water-soluble and the other fat-soluble?

Vitamins are a diverse group of compounds that must be present in the diet. List four functions of vitamins in the body.

What criteria make a compound a vitamin?

What is the relationship between vitamins and enzymes?

Why is daily ingestion of vitamin C more critical than daily ingestion of vitamin A?

If you use a flame to burn a pile of glucose completely to give carbon dioxide and water, the overall reaction is identical to the metabolic oxidation of glucose. Explain the differences in the fate of the energy released in each case.

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a. synthesis of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

d. digestion of proteins in the stomach

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

a. digestion of fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Identify each of the following as catabolic or anabolic:

c. synthesis of nucleic acids from nucleotides

What is the purpose of digestion in stage 1?

Identify each pathway as anabolic or catabolic.

a. gluconeogenesis

How can you identify a catabolic reaction?

Indicate whether the following processes represent anabolism or catabolism.

b. synthesis of fats

Indicate whether the following processes represent anabolism or catabolism.

b. generation of ATP from breakdown of fructose