21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

All of the following pump H⁺ ions across the inner membrane of mitochondria except:

Chemiosmotic creation of ATP is driven by which?

The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH₂ are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? What is the function of the H⁺ ion in ATP synthesis?

The electron-transport chain uses several different metal ions, especially iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. Why are metals used frequently in these two pathways? What can metals do better than organic biomolecules?

What are the two primary functions of the electron-­transport chain?

What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are these processes the same? Explain.

In oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?

Oxidative phosphorylation has three reaction products.

a. What is the energy-carrying product?

What supplies the energy to drive oxidative phosphorylation?

What are the ultimate products of the electron-transport chain?

How is the H⁺ gradient established?

 Match the following ATP yields to reactions a to g:

1.5 ATP 2.5 ATP 7 ATP 10 ATP

12 ATP 32 ATP 36 ATP

f. NADH + H⁺ is oxidized to NAD⁺.

According to the chemiosmotic theory, how does the proton gradient provide energy to synthesize ATP?

Where in the mitochondria is ATP synthesized?

Mammals can regulate their body heat through a process called thermogenesis. What part of metabolism changes to allow for the production of heat?