Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical enveloped virus, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

A core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, with an outer lipid envelope containing glycoprotein spikes.

Question 2

Which laboratory technique is most appropriate for rapidly diagnosing a Rotavirus infection in a child with severe diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

ELISA for viral antigen in stool sample

Question 3

Which of the following viruses is most strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why prions are unique among infectious agents?

Accepted Answer

They lack nucleic acid and cause disease by inducing misfolding of normal proteins.

Question 5

Which of the following is a key difference between the replication cycles of bacteriophages and animal viruses?

Accepted Answer

Animal viruses may enter host cells by endocytosis or membrane fusion, while bacteriophages inject their nucleic acid.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes antigenic shift in Influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

A major genetic reassortment resulting in a new hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase subtype.

Question 7

A patient presents with jaundice, fatigue, and elevated liver enzymes. Laboratory tests reveal the presence of both HBsAg and anti-HBc IgM. Which virus is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Question 8

Which of the following is a reason why smallpox was successfully eradicated?

Accepted Answer

Humans are the only reservoir for the virus.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV replication cycle?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes DNA from the viral RNA genome.

Question 10

A child presents with severe watery diarrhea and vomiting. Stool antigen testing is positive for a double-stranded RNA virus. Which virus is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Rotavirus

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the life cycle of Plasmodium (malaria) is correct?

Accepted Answer

The mosquito is the definitive host where sexual reproduction occurs.

Question 12

Which of the following is the most common method of transmission for Giardia intestinalis?

Accepted Answer

Ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food

Question 13

Which of the following viruses is most likely to cause latent infections that can reactivate later in life?

Accepted Answer

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

Question 14

Which of the following is a common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS patients?

Accepted Answer

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the transmission of Leishmania, as depicted in the second image?

Accepted Answer

Bite of an infected sand fly

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of the family Herpesviridae?

Accepted Answer

Double-stranded DNA genome and ability to establish latency

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of viral spikes (glycoproteins) on the surface of enveloped viruses?

Accepted Answer

They mediate attachment to specific host cell receptors.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most effective method for preventing transmission of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why helminths are studied in microbiology?

Accepted Answer

Their eggs and larvae are microscopic and cause infectious diseases.

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary vector for transmission of West Nile Virus to humans?

Accepted Answer

Mosquito

Study Guide: Viruses, Pathogenic DNA & RNA Viruses, and Parasitic Eukaryotes

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