Preferential loss of trabecular bone rather than cortical bone most directly explains the high incidence of which clinical fracture type?

Vertebral compression fractures, because vertebrae contain a high proportion of trabecular bone that collapses when internal struts are lost.

Skull fractures from minor head impacts, because cranial vault bones are rich in trabecular bone and show the earliest signs of age-related trabecular thinning.

Femoral shaft fracture from direct lateral trauma, because the mid-shaft is composed predominantly of trabecular bone and thus becomes brittle early in osteoporosis.

Distal phalanx avulsion fractures, because finger bones are almost entirely cortical bone and their health depends primarily on trabecular integrity in long bones.