Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry, which of the following is a requirement for a light-independent reaction, such as the Calvin cycle?

Carbon dioxide and glucose

Light and chlorophyll

Oxygen and water

ATP and NADPH

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is part of the light-independent reactions, meaning it does not require light directly to proceed.

Identify the main inputs: The Calvin cycle requires ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These molecules provide the energy and reducing power needed for the cycle.

Recognize the role of ATP: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) acts as an energy carrier. It provides the necessary energy for the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose during the Calvin cycle.

Recognize the role of NADPH: NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) acts as a reducing agent. It donates electrons needed for the reduction of carbon dioxide into glucose.

Connect the inputs to the process: In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of reactions. This process is crucial for the synthesis of carbohydrates in plants.