When monosaccharides form cyclic hemiacetals, which type of molecule is released during the linkage process?

Without referring to the chapter, draw the chair conformations of

(b) α-D-allopyranose (the C3 epimer of glucose).

Without referring to the chapter, draw the chair conformations of

(d) N-acetylglucosamine, glucose with the C2 oxygen atom replaced by an acetylated amino group.

In the formation of a cyclic hemiacetal from a monosaccharide, what type of reaction occurs?

What type of bonds are formed when monosaccharides form cyclic hemiacetals?

Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming which type of bond?

Where does the chemical digestion of table sugar ($\mathrm{sucrose}$) begin in the human body?

Provide the mechanism for the cyclic hemiacetal formation of the following hydroxycarbonyl.

Two structures of the sugar fructose are shown next. The cyclic structure predominates in aqueous solution.

(a) Number the carbon atoms in the cyclic structure. What is the functional group at C2 in the cyclic form?

(b) Propose a mechanism for the cyclization, assuming a trace of acid is present.