What are products of the following reactions?
d.

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Step 1: Identify the reaction type. This is a hydroboration-oxidation reaction of an alkyne. The reagents R₂BH/THF followed by HO⁻, H₂O₂, and H₂O indicate that the alkyne will undergo anti-Markovnikov addition to form an aldehyde or ketone.

Step 2: Analyze the structure of the starting alkyne. The molecule contains a terminal alkyne (triple bond at the end of the chain) with a methyl group attached to the second carbon.

Step 3: In the first step, R₂BH adds to the terminal alkyne in an anti-Markovnikov fashion. The boron atom attaches to the less substituted carbon of the triple bond, forming an organoborane intermediate.

Step 4: In the second step, the organoborane intermediate reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the presence of hydroxide ions (HO⁻). This oxidation step converts the boron group into a hydroxyl group (-OH), resulting in the formation of an aldehyde.

Step 5: The final product is an aldehyde with the hydroxyl group replacing the terminal alkyne. The structure of the product will be CH₃-CH₂-CHO (propanal).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Reaction Mechanisms

Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial in organic chemistry as they describe the step-by-step process by which reactants transform into products. This includes identifying intermediates, transition states, and the movement of electrons. Familiarity with mechanisms helps predict the outcome of reactions and the stability of products formed.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Recognizing functional groups is essential for predicting the behavior of organic compounds during reactions, as they dictate reactivity and the types of products formed.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry involves the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this affects their chemical behavior. It is important for understanding isomerism, where compounds with the same molecular formula can have different structures and properties. This concept is vital when determining the products of reactions, especially in cases involving chiral centers.

What are products of the following reactions?d.