Determine the degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons with the following molecular formulas:
c. C₁₂H₂₀
d. C₄₀H₅₆

What is the index of hydrogen deficiency for each of the following molecular formulas?

(e) C₆H₁₂O₂

What is the index of hydrogen deficiency for each of the following molecular formulas?

(b) C₁₂H₁₁NO₃

Calculate the index of hydrogen deficiency for the following molecules.

(c)

For each molecular formula, represent all constitutional isomers using line-angle drawings.

(c) C₄H₁₀

Several studies have shown that β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, may play a role in preventing cancer. β-Carotene has a molecular formula of C₄₀H₅₆, and it contains two rings and no triple bonds. How many double bonds does it have?

Give five examples of structures with this formula (C₆H₁₂). At least one should contain a ring, and at least one should contain a double bond.

Hint: If you prefer to use a formula, elements of unsaturation = 1/2(2C + 2 - H)

C = number of carbons

H = number of hydrogens

For each of the following molecular formulas, determine the number of elements of unsaturation, and draw three examples.

a. C₄H₄Cl₂

b. C₄H₈O

c. C₆H₈O₂

For each of the following molecular formulas, determine the number of elements of unsaturation, and draw three examples. 

d. C₅H₅NO₂

e. C₆H₃NClBr