Two structures for the sugar glucose are shown on page 914. Interconversion of the open-chain and cyclic hemiacetal forms is catalyzed by either acid or base.
(a) Propose a mechanism for the cyclization, assuming a trace of acid is present.

4-Hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyaldehydes exist primarily as cyclic hemiacetals. Draw the structure of the cyclic hemiacetal formed by each of the following:

c. 5-hydroxypentanal

4-Hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyaldehydes exist primarily as cyclic hemiacetals. Draw the structure of the cyclic hemiacetal formed by each of the following:

d. 4-hydroxyheptanal

Draw the structures of the compound methyl α-D-galactopyranoside.

Allose is the C3 epimer of glucose, and ribose is the C2 epimer of arabinose.

Draw the structures of the compound ethyl β-D-ribofuranoside.

Allose is the C3 epimer of glucose, and ribose is the C2 epimer of arabinose.

Two structures for the sugar glucose are shown on page 914. Interconversion of the open-chain and cyclic hemiacetal forms is catalyzed by either acid or base.

(b) The cyclic hemiacetal is more stable than the open-chain form, so very little of the open-chain form is present at equilibrium. Will an aqueous solution of glucose reduce Tollens reagent and give a positive Tollens test? Explain.

Draw the structures of the compound α-D-allopyranose.

Allose is the C3 epimer of glucose, and ribose is the C2 epimer of arabinose.

Without referring to the chapter, draw the chair conformations of

(a) β-D-mannopyranose (the C2 epimer of glucose).

Without referring to the chapter, draw the chair conformations of

(b) α-D-allopyranose (the C3 epimer of glucose).