Using pKₐ values, calculate the equilibrium constants for the following acid–base reactions.

(b)

Suggest a reagent for the transformation of a 1° alcohol to a 1° alkyl halide.

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.

(b) AcO―Pd―OAc

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.

(c) Pd(PPh₃)₄

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.

(d) H₃C―Pd―Br

Calculate K_eq for the following acid–base reactions.

(b)

Predict the product that would form when a Grignard reagent is prepared in the presence of deuterated water.

Predict the product that would result from the reaction of an organolithium reagent with a ketone when a hydroxyl group is present in the ketone substrate.

Predict the product of the following epoxide addition reactions.

(a)

Predict the product of the following epoxide addition reactions.

(b)

Addition to an epoxide occurs via an S_N2 reaction, but the stereochemistry of the epoxide is retained in the following reaction. Why?

Working backward, design a synthesis of the following alcohol using two different epoxide/Grignard reagent combinations.

Using the epoxide shown, addition of an organolithium reagent, when followed by an acid quench, produces only the starting epoxy alcohol. Why? How could the reaction be modified to produce the desired molecule? [Hint: Look back at Section 13.14.]

Predict the product of the following aldehyde and ketone addition reactions.

(a)

Predict the product of the following aldehyde and ketone addition reactions.

(b)

Predict the product of the following aldehyde and ketone addition reactions.

(c)

Provide an arrow-pushing mechanism for the cyclopropanation of cyclohexene with methylene carbene. Rationalize the outcome.

Estimate the value of entropy (∆S > 0 or ∆S < 0) for the elimination step shown.