Which mechanism best explains how obesity increases cancer risk, particularly for hormone-sensitive cancers like some breast cancers?

Adipose tissue can alter hormone levels (for example increasing estrogen) and inflammatory mediators, which can promote cell proliferation and cancer development.

High BMI reduces caloric intake and therefore starves tumor cells, which is the primary reason obesity increases cancer mortality rather than incidence.

Fat cells produce ultraviolet radiation that directly mutates DNA in nearby tissues, causing hormone-sensitive cancers.

Obesity reduces all hormone production to zero, thereby preventing any growth signals and paradoxically reducing cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal women.