Question 1

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Accepted Answer

Diet high in saturated fats

Question 2

A 55-year-old patient presents with chest pain during exertion that resolves with rest. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Stable angina

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the first step in atherosclerotic plaque formation?

Accepted Answer

Subendothelial deposition of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells)

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes SVR$$

Question 5

A patient with a normal BMI but increased waist circumference is at increased risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a principle assumption of the biomedical model of health?

Accepted Answer

Social factors are the primary cause of disease

Question 7

Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Moderate physical activity for healthy adults

Question 8

Which of the following statements about cholesterol is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormones and vitamin D

Question 9

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Family history of early heart attack

Question 10

A 60-year-old man with hypertension, diabetes, and a history of smoking presents with sudden chest pain radiating to his left arm. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Myocardial infarction

Question 11

Which of the following best describes health equity?

Accepted Answer

When everyone has the opportunity to be as healthy as possible

Question 12

Which of the following is a secondary prevention strategy?

Accepted Answer

Screening for hypertension in adults

Question 13

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of long-standing, untreated hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of aneurysm formation

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the biopsychosocial model of health?

Accepted Answer

It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health

Question 15

Which of the following is a key step in evidence-based medicine (EBM)?

Accepted Answer

Defining a clinically relevant question

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible reason why Black Americans have higher rates of cardiovascular disease compared to the general population?

Accepted Answer

They are more likely to have hypertension and face social determinants that increase risk

Question 17

Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between stable and unstable plaques in atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Stable plaques have macrocalcifications and a thick, collagen-rich cap; unstable plaques have microcalcifications and a thin cap

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible barrier to accessing health care in low-income populations?

Accepted Answer

High costs of services and lack of insurance

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Over three quarters of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries

Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathology, and Prevention

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