Q: Which equation correctly represents after-tax income, as defined in the study materials?

$$\text{After-tax income} = (\text{Market income} + \text{Government transfers}) - \text{Taxes}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the calculation of mean income?

$$\text{Mean income} = \frac{\text{Total income}}{\text{Number of people}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between mean income and median income, as illustrated in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Mean income is calculated by dividing total income by the number of people, while median income is the middle value where half earn more and half earn less.

Question 2

According to the Gini coefficient, what does a value of $$0$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

Perfect equality, where everyone has the same income.

Question 3

Which theoretical model emphasizes the impact of stress, envy, and social hierarchy on health outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Social comparison theories

Question 4

In the context of income distribution, what is the primary purpose of government transfers such as pensions, welfare, and EI?

Accepted Answer

To redistribute income and narrow inequality produced by the market.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents after-tax income, as defined in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{After-tax income} = (	ext{Market income} + 	ext{Government transfers}) - 	ext{Taxes}$$

Question 6

Which group is most likely to be excluded from government transfer programs like CERB, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Migrant workers and undocumented individuals

Question 7

What is the main critique of 'lifestyle drift' in health systems design thinking?

Accepted Answer

It blames individual behaviour instead of addressing structural causes.

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct health consequence of high income inequality, as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Poorer mental and physical health outcomes

Question 9

If the richest 10% of Canadians earn 24% of total income, while the poorest 10% earn 1.1%, what does this indicate about income distribution?

Accepted Answer

There is significant income inequality.

Question 10

Which policy question is most relevant when considering who pays for federal supports, as discussed in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Should taxes be more progressive to ensure fair distribution?

Question 11

According to Bartley’s models of health inequities, which pathway links income directly to access to safety and care?

Accepted Answer

Materialist model

Question 12

Which equation best represents the calculation of mean income?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Mean income} = \frac{	ext{Total income}}{	ext{Number of people}}$$

Question 13

Which population group in Canada is at highest risk of child poverty, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Indigenous children

Question 14

What is the primary reason for the growing gap between mean and median income in Canada?

Accepted Answer

Growth in incomes among the richest, skewing the mean upward

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the 'social gradient' in health?

Accepted Answer

Lower income is associated with poorer health outcomes.

Question 16

Which country among Canada, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway has the lowest average tax rate for the richest income group, based on the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Canada

Question 17

What is the main limitation of downstream interventions in health policy, as discussed in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

They focus on personal risk and create an illusion of progress.

Question 18

Which measurement tool uses a graph to show how income is spread across a population, with a straight diagonal line representing perfect equality?

Accepted Answer

Lorenz curve

Question 19

According to the study materials, which group has seen a rise in poverty rates since 1995 despite previous improvements?

Accepted Answer

Seniors

Question 20

Which concept refers to the long-term accumulation of risks that damage health, as described in the Life Course Perspective?

Accepted Answer

Cumulative pathway

Income, Wealth, and Health Inequality in Canada: Social Determinants and Policy Implications

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