Explain why the chi-square independence test is always a right-tailed test.

What’s in a Word? Part II In a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, a random sample of adults 18 years of age or older living in the continental United States was asked their reaction to the word capitalism. In addition, the individuals were asked to disclose which political party they most associate with. Results of the survey are given in the table below.

a. Does the evidence suggest individuals within each political affiliation react differently to the word capitalism? Use the alpha = 0.05 level of significance.

[NOW WORK] Job Satisfaction Is there an association between one’s level of education and satisfaction with work? A random sample of 5244 employed individuals were asked to disclose their highest level of education and satisfaction with their work/job. The results are shown in the table below. The data are from the General Social Survey.

e. Compare the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies. Which cell contributed most to the test statistic? Was the expected frequency greater than or less than the observed frequency? What does this information tell you?

[NOW WORK] Job Satisfaction Is there an association between one’s level of education and satisfaction with work? A random sample of 5244 employed individuals were asked to disclose their highest level of education and satisfaction with their work/job. The results are shown in the table below. The data are from the General Social Survey.

b. Verify that the requirements for performing a chi-square test of independence are satisfied.

Does the Treatment Affect Success? The following table lists frequencies of successes and failures for different treatments used for a stress fracture in a foot bone (based on data from “Surgery Unfounded for Tarsal Navicular Stress Fracture,” by Bruce Jancin, Internal Medicine News, Vol. 42, No. 14). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that success of the treatment is independent of the type of treatment. What does the result indicate about the increasing trend to use surgery?

True or False? In Exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, rewrite it as a true statement.

If the two variables in a chi-square independence test are dependent, then you can expect little difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.

True or False? In Exercises 5 and 6, determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, rewrite it as a true statement.

When the test statistic for the chi-square independence test is large, you will, in most cases, reject the null hypothesis.

Performing a Chi-Square Independence Test In Exercises 13–28, perform the indicated chi-square independence test by performing the steps below.

a. Identify the claim and state H₀ and Hₐ

b. Determine the degrees of freedom, find the critical value, and identify the rejection region.

c. Find the chi-square test statistic.

d. Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

e. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.

Use the contingency table and expected frequencies from Exercise 8. At α=0.05, test the hypothesis that the variables are dependent.

Performing a Chi-Square Independence Test In Exercises 13–28, perform the indicated chi-square independence test by performing the steps below.

a. Identify the claim and state H₀ and Hₐ

b. Determine the degrees of freedom, find the critical value, and identify the rejection region.

c. Find the chi-square test statistic.

d. Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

e. Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.

Attitudes about Safety The contingency table shows the results of a random sample of students by type of school and their attitudes on safety steps taken by the school staff. At α=0.01, can you conclude that attitudes about the safety steps taken by the school staff are related to the type of school? (Adapted from Horatio Alger Association)